Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 1

Maggie Neely woke up to the sound of her mother screaming. She'd gone to bed as usual, with Jake the GreatDane sprawled heavily across her feet and the threecats jockeying for position around her head. Hercheek was resting on her open geometry book; there were homework papers scattered among theblankets, along with fragments of potato chips andan empty bag. She was wearing her jeans and a flowered pajama top plus the only two socks she'dbeen able to find last night: one red velveteen anklet and one blue cotton slouch sock. Those particular socks would eventually meanthe difference between life and death for her, but at the moment Maggie had no idea of that. She was simply startled and disoriented frombeing wakened suddenly. She'd never heard thiskind of screaming before, and she wondered howshe could be so certain it was her mother doing it. Something†¦really bad is happening, Maggierealized slowly. The worst. The clock on her nightstand said 2:11A.M. And then before she even realized she was moving, she was lurching across her bedroom floor,with piles of dirtyclothes and sports equipmenttrying to trip her up. She banged her shin on a wastebasket in the middle of the roomand ploughed right on through. The hallway was dim,but the living room at the end was blazing withlight and the screams were coming from there. Jake trotted along beside her. When they got tothe foyer by the living room he gave a half growl,half bark. Maggie took in the whole scene in a glance. Itwas one of those moments when everythingchanges forever. The front door was open, letting in the cold airof a November night in Washington. Maggie's father was wearing a short bathrobe and holding hermother, who was pulling and tearing at him as ifshe were trying to get away, screaming breathlesslyall the while. And in the doorway four people were standing: two sheriffs, a National Park ranger, and Sylvia Weald. Sylvia. Her brother Miles's girlfriend. And knowledge hit her quick and hardasa hammer blow. My brother is dead, Maggie thought.

Art Therapy: Is It Effective? Essay

Georgia O’Keeffe once said, â€Å"I found I could say things with color and shapes that I couldn’t say any other way. Things I had no words for. † The actual creation of art triggers an unconscious process helping a person connect with his emotions (Kotwas). The process is said to enhance the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of individuals of all ages and backgrounds. The expressive arts do not discriminate and is an effective alternative to traditional psychotherapy and certain prescribed medications. The production and reflection of art helps people cope with symptoms, stress, and traumatic experiences. Creation is an essential part of life, much like eating, sleeping, and breathing, and we all possess unique artistic and creative tendencies and needs. Many people do not know what art therapy actually is, and it is not to be confused with an art class. Art therapy is unlike art education, where the focus is on teaching the use of artistic tools and techniques as well as the quality of the finished product. Expressive arts therapy combines visual arts, music, writing and other creative processes to help a person express and visualize emotions, and to aid growth and healing (Artful). Art class consists of being criticized, graded by others, and can even become a stressful environment. Opposite of that is art therapy, where no judgment exists, therefore no pressure exists, and the focus is on self-growth and awareness. Adding the therapeutic aspect to art creates a calmer environment and encourages a positive setting for allowing an individual to be more focused and to create distinctive and sometimes eye opening products. Visualizing and expressing emotions is the language of the unconscious mind. Serving as a more primitive and direct mode of personal expression than words. Art therapy is successfully filling the gaps where general clinical psychology may not be able to reach. The expressive arts offer an alternative insight into the workings of the psyche, and it is an area of study that adds further depth to the field of child psychology (Kotwas). Instead of diagnosing children with ADD or ADHD and prescribing those 2. 7 million children medication to take every day for the rest of their life, they could create. Art therapy is an effective alternative to the medications that are being prescribed to children, and making those children act like zombies, which is no way any human should ever act. Parents are too busy to spend time with a child and it seems as if they are afraid of parenting these days. Hyperactive children should not be drugged to the point of acting like a different person all together; instead they should be worked with patiently. Art naturally opens up a person’s mind and creates a euphoric and relaxed feeling. Also the creation of art lowers stress, eliminates negative thinking, and improves confidence. Expressing more than a child could possibly express by simply talking. Children tend to have a hard time articulating the way they feel, because they do not know what it is they are feeling or why they are feeling this particular way. When children cannot verbalize the effect that violence has on them, they sometimes express it by drawing says Dr. Spencer Eth. He says that when children too traumatized to talk are told, â€Å"Just draw about anything you want,† their pictures reveal much about what is on their minds. Enabling therapists to ask children to tell a story, which usually has some connection with the trauma they have suffered. Eth continues by saying, â€Å"Drawing is one of the most effective techniques we have for getting a child to open up and confront difficult feelings – the first step in healing. † (Timnick). The idea of getting a child to open up seems pretty difficult, but the adolescent child is a whole new level of difficulty which can be done with the use of art. Teenagers have a preconceived view of talking psychotherapies that has been shaped by movies and television. They often think that these therapies are only for serious mental cases or people that are dying. In contrast, they come to art therapy without such preconceived ideas, and this form of therapy has proved effective with adolescents. The greatest difficulty for an adult seeking to establish a relationship with an adolescent is the teen’s resistance to authority and lack of trust in the adult world. These stages of adolescent development are normal, but they work against the traditional forms of verbal therapy. This casual approach is a surprise to the teen and counteracts the fears of exposure and pain that may have been expected. The teens feel that they lucked out by having a therapist who is not interested in verbal cross-examination. Instead, their therapist is interested in their opinions of their world as expressed through imagery. Using art in therapy provides a pleasure factor that is not what teens expect to encounter, and it stimulates their desire to be expressive. Drawing is in tune with adolescents’ development, as evidenced by the tagging and graffiti that is abundant in many cities. It is hard to restrain an adolescent’s urge to make their mark (Riley). Art can reach into certain depths of the mind revealing underlying feelings that even an adult may not know he has. Not only can children and adolescences benefit from art therapy, but adults can as well. Creating art gives adults a sense of empowerment and control. This empowerment often influences individuals to reflect if they have performed well at something they had not realized they could master, perhaps they could similarly master other activities that had previously seemed impossible. A sense of control and empowerment in one area increases the level of comfort with exploring new challenges in general outside of the class. Arts provide some of the best opportunities to experience a new sense of control or mastery. In the arts, the opportunities to create something new and beautiful are endless and offer an enormous sense of satisfaction and empowerment (Cohen). Giving a person the self-esteem they need to openly express his inner thoughts and buried feelings. Art therapy is based on the idea that the verbal, rational mind often throws a wall between the wounded unconscious and the outside world. Drawing is a way for the unconscious to break down the wall says Dr. McGrath, â€Å"You can communicate and express feelings that can’t come out in words. Things come out that you may not expect. † Once those pictures break out, the therapist and patient can discuss them, and the healing can begin. Local art therapists empathize that the method can help people of all ages (Lemley). Not only all ages but, all mindsets as well. Art therapy is sometimes found in the school setting, but more prominently it is found in the clinical setting. Creative arts can have an equally secure place in the hospital setting if we expand that psychosocial need component, by recognizing that we are all artistic. The creative arts serve as a form of therapeutic intervention intended to increase and improve the quality of life for both clients and their families thereby, reducing the impact of the crisis caused by the illness. The arts serve as a tool and means for creative expression and communication, especially during the final stages of life (Orser). When pain becomes overpowering, a patient’s creative impulses may be an important ally. ABC News wrote an article on art therapy saying that for some time now scientists have known that a wide range of creative activities, ranging from listening to or performing music, to engaging in an energetic dance routine, may reduce pain felt by persons who are ill. And more recently researchers have shown that creating a piece of art can do the same thing, even if the art is not all that great. In the latest study, 50 cancer patients at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago lowered eight out of nine symptoms associated with pain and anxiety after spending one hour painting, or drawing, or trying to make a piece of pottery or jewelry. Even though a person may not have control over their medical condition, they do have control over the artwork they create. In the hospice setting, dying patients are not the only people to undergo art treatment. Art therapy also has a program that aims to help the recovering service members find a creative haven where their buried post-war thoughts and emotions can come to the surface through art and therapy. By working on their art projects in a personal manner, they confront the circumstances of their injuries and begin to overcome the uncertainty they might feel. Creating art slows down the brain so people can focus and improve their cognitive skills and hand-eye coordination. Sharing and discussing artwork establishes a sense of community and bonding with one another, which is particularly helpful to those with post-traumatic stress disorder who tend to isolate themselves and do not trust others (Cronk). Art therapy is especially beneficial to active service members, because a patient’s picture is worth a thousand words and a psychotherapy patient does not always effectively produce any words at all. Art therapy is a much more effective form of traditional therapy. Expressive arts benefits children, adolescents, adults, and elders. Very few disadvantages if any are found in the creation of art. Verbalizing an emotion is sometimes very difficult to do, yet can easily be expressed through images. People tend to bury traumatic events causing a shift in personality and a barrier between communications. Art therapy is a new and upcoming form of therapy that will become more prevalent as the years progress. It is an effective alternative to traditional therapy and prescribed medications for all sorts of disorders ranging from ADHD to patients that are dying, to post-traumatic stress disorder. Works Cited â€Å"The Artful Life – Counseling Center and Studio. † Expressive Art Therapy. Artfullifecenter. org. , 2012. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. Cohen, Gene D. â€Å"Research on Creativity and Aging: The Positive Impact of the Arts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Generations Vol. 30, No. 1. Spring 2006: 7-15. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. Cronk, Terri. â€Å"Therapist Uses Art to Help Troops Heal. † US Department of Defense. 08 Mar. 2012. Web. 24 Jan. 2013

Starting a Business Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Starting a Business - Term Paper Example The paper dwells in detail and focuses on the aspects of starting a sole propriety-based fast food chain in New Jersey. Starting even a small business can lead up to big decisions being made by the owner right from the start, which will need him to be ready to make some important legal decisions being one of the crucial points of future business success. The first and foremost decision to be made is to decide what kind of business it would be, the following article discusses running a sole propriety fast food chain. Listed below are different kinds of business entities. A sole proprietorship is a kind of business entity that is owned and run by a single individual. A limited liability company is a business entity that is a blend of partnership and cooperate structure. Fast food chains are recently becoming a very popular source of food in the United States of America. Therefore starting in a field which is hot with opportunity and ever increasing may give you a better market leading to better chances of running a successful business. The only disadvantage being the competitiveness in such a field. Research is an important aspect of business one must complete before starting a business to get all the essential information. For example, how does he want to run the company? Will the person be able to handle affairs of the business alone or may require partners? Sole propriety business is said to be the easiest and the simplest way to start up due to its ease of setup and nominal cost. It is a kind of a set up where a single person starts up a business and he himself is the face of the company and is solely responsible for everything in the company from funding, to earning profits and to being liable to the losses. Despite all the advantages of a sole proprietorship it can sometimes be proved risky as the owner is fully liable for all the business debts. In the state of New Jersey the first step is to being registered at the central county it can be under the owner s name or a fictitious name although in legal matters it is not a separate entity. In such kinds of businesses owner usually signs contracts with his own name including the matters of transfer of money, writing checks or holding bank accounts. Another step to take in setting up a business is finding a location to set up your business. It may be an office space, a retail space or a warehouse. In the case of starting a business you would require a retail space somewhere in the commercial district. It depends on the owner whether to buy, rent or lease the space. The next step includes getting licenses, permits and getting registered (â€Å"Doing Business in New Jersey†, n. d.). Starting a fast food chain requires the owner to get a license from the Division of Health before you start your business. All businesses must register for tax and employee purposes with the New Jersey Division of Revenue, irrespective of the intent to hire employees. Federal Employee Identification Numbe r (FEIN) is required by the state in order to register for taxes and employees purposes so that the owner can start running his business. Although in a sole propriety the owner can use his or her social security number. Internal

IFRS ( international financial reporting standards) Essay

IFRS ( international financial reporting standards) - Essay Example Resulting from this difference, IFRS gives the management flexibility and discretion in preparing the financial statements of a company. In the recent past, most nations have moved towards adopting a common globalized accounting standard. As such, use of IFRS in many parts of the world has gained widespread prominence and popularity. Regions such as the European Union, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore and Russia, and other countries have adopted the use of IFRS. In January 2011, Canada adopted the use of IFRS officially; consequently, many countries switched from their accounting standards and adopted the IFRS standard of Canada. The widespread acceptance of International Financial Reporting Standards portrays a fundamental change in the accounting profession. This stems from the fact that the use of IFRS has become a common phenomenon in the accounting profession (Nandakumar et al 2011, p. 3). About 100 countries either allow or require publicly held companies to use IFRS while preparing their financial statements. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in America has considered setting a date in order to allow U.S. public companies to adopt the use of IFRS. The process of setting international standards started several decades back. Industrialized nations saw the need to devise standards, which could be adopted by small and developing nations unable to come up with their own standards for accounting. With the globalization of business, investors, regulators, auditing firms and large companies realized the vitality of adopting common standards that could apply in all aspects of financial reporting (Kirk 2008, p. 2). The adoption of IFRS has some considerable benefits to the company and the investors who adopt these standards. The adoption of international standards allows the governments, and investors and organizations to have a comparison of the financial statements

Sexual Fantasies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sexual Fantasies - Essay Example Sexual fantasies may also be extreme and for this reason, very few of them are actually tried in reality. In the past, such fantasies were seen to be symptoms of mental and sexual frustrations and sexual starvation. They were considered unhealthy aspects of life (Bader, 58). It was believed that sexual fantasies caused tenets such as homosexuality, rape and incest. However, recent research on this subject states that people should not be ashamed because they have sexual fantasies. Such thoughts are healthy and when communicated to one’s partner can lead to a very satisfying relationship. Sexual fantasies exist among both men and women. However, their nature is completely different given the natural differences between them. This is further illustrated by the difference in sexual fantasies between men and women. Men are attracted by visual things. This is known as voyeurism. Men are sexually stimulated by what they see and this gives them a lot of pleasure. They just want to watch something stimulating, whether it is sexual content or just their partners. It is not uncommon to find men watching sexual content; this is not to be seen in the negative light but as an expression of sexual desires. A threesome refers to sexual activity between three people. Most men fantasize about having two women at the same time. It is a common fantasy and many would gladly indulge in it if given the go ahead by their partners. This activity can make them feel more masculine and boost their egos (Bader, 29). Role playing is a form of sexual fantasy that is common between men and women. This involves partners taking up various roles such as nurse- patient, cop- bad girl, teacher- student and many more. No matter the partners’ roles, they have to look sexy to each other. This boosts their sexual morale as they play out their fantasies with each other. A woman would want to take part in sexual role play so that she gets to

Health care marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Health care marketing - Essay Example The approach is the third step in which, the salesperson’s focus is the customers’ benefits. This is achieved using the FAB technique in which the product’s features are used. Presentation of the sales is the fourth step in which the presentation of sales is delivered after the grasp of the prospects interest. The presentation involves a persuasive explanation of the proposition of the business both visually and verbally. The trial close is the fifth step of the personal selling process. This step is also called the temperature question and is essentially a method of establishing the prospect’s behavior toward the product as well as its presentation. The sixth step is about the handling objections. They indicate the prospect’s interest and the salespeople should not see it with misgiving. In this step, the prospect requests additional information as a guide in the buying decision. This step helps the salesperson establish what the prospects have in their mind. The seventh step in the personal selling process is closing the sale which is essentially an understanding’s confirmation. If the salesperson really believes that the product’s purchase would benefit the prospect, his/her fear of closing the sale diminishes. The follow-up is the eighth step. The follow-up activities are meant to establish business relationships between the prospects and the salesperson in the long-term. The personal sales process is a crucial component of marketing because it enables the companies to collect data from the consumers so that they can modify the design of their product according to their needs and develop long-term relationship with the consumers by satisfying them with their products. This is absolutely beyond doubt that marketers’ efforts should not cause any harm to the society and they must make all conscious efforts to avoid doing any harm. These days, unfortunately, marketers do cause a lot of harm to the society. This is evident from the ads in which

The Challenges of Living in a Foreign Land and Speaking New Language Essay

The Challenges of Living in a Foreign Land and Speaking New Language - Essay Example I can still remember vividly the moment when the aeroplane I travelled in taken off from the airport. As the plane took off, I had mixed feelings of curiosity and anxiety; I was curious because I was looking forward to beginning my adventure in America, and, on the other hand, I was anxious because of the challenge of living in a new culture and speaking a foreign language; the feeling of anxiety made me feel like jumping off the plane and going back home. When the flight attendant came round with some cold beverages, I was in deep emotions and felt like crying, but I forced myself to smile so as to create the impression that I was okay. I asked the flight attendant to give me a Coca-Cola drink because Coca-Cola was the only name of cold beverage that I knew in English. The freight attendant seemed quite friendly and upon giving me the Coca-Cola drink she started talking to me in English, but, unfortunately, I did not understand what she was saying to me. This incident made me start imagining how it would be difficult to live in America without being able to communicate in English well. When we arrived in America and my consultant left me in the dorm, I felt so anxious and hopeless. For the first two days in America, I wasn’t feeling so bad, but after the two days, I was overcome with homesickness and I started crying. Homesickness made me feel completely heart-broken. Some of my colleagues, the students, tried to console me and to reassure me that all will be well, but all their efforts to console me were fruitless.

Strategic Response to Climate Change by Global Companies Essay

Strategic Response to Climate Change by Global Companies - Essay Example It will clearly show what the future holds for these companies as well as their sustainability. The study will use qualitative and inducive methods of investigation to capture these characteristics. Apart from the operations managers in the three companies, information from the people in the UK is also going to be of great help. It also purposes to prove that the three companies invest considerable amount of resources on ecology, they have strategic climate change policies, and that they promote climate change awareness among employees as well as other stakeholders. It also aims to show how climate change affects the internal organization of the companies, and the business itself. It will also prove that the companies are working towards carbon dioxide emission reduction, by using various policies. It will also show how climate change affects the nature of their emerging products, and how they involve third parties in the climate change awareness. The study also seeks to propose stud ies in other industries and on stragies organizations in third world countries are employing in combating climate change. TÐ BLЕ OF CONTЕNTS ABSTRACT 1. CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Outline of the study 1.2 Background of the research 1.3 Problem Statement 1.4 Rationale 1.5 Aims and Objectives 1.6 Significance 1.7 Research Questions 1.8 Research Methodology 1.9 Dissertation structure 2. CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 2.2 CorporÐ °tÐ µ RÐ µsponsÐ µs to ClÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µ ChÐ °ngÐ µ: ExÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"ng ClÐ °ssÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"ons 2.3 EmÃ'â€"ssÃ'â€"on MÐ µÃ °surÐ µmÐ µnt Ð °nd TÐ °rgÐ µts 2.4 The Banking Sector 2.5 The Oil industry 2.6 Construction Companies and the Real Estate Sector 2.7 Automobile Industry 2.8... NÐ °turÐ µ Ð °nd clÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µ hÐ °vÐ µ Ð ° bÃ'â€"g rolÐ µ to plÐ °y Ã'â€"n thÐ µ Ð µxÃ'â€"stÐ µncÐ µ of mÐ °n kÃ'â€"nd. But wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ Ð °dvÐ µnt of Ã'â€"ndustrÃ'â€"Ð °lÃ'â€"sÐ °tÃ'â€"on, thÐ µ fÐ °tÐ µs of thÐ µsÐ µ forcÐ µs hÐ °vÐ µ chÐ °ngÐ µd. ThÐ µ Ã'â€"ndustrÃ'â€"Ð µs hÐ °vÐ µ usÐ µd nÐ °turÐ µ for thÐ µÃ'â€"r motÃ'â€"vÐ µ of profÃ'â€"t Ð °nd Ð µxploÃ'â€"tÐ µd Ã'â€"t wÃ'â€"thout Ð °ny concÐ µrn for Ð ° lÐ °rgÐ µ numbÐ µr of yÐ µÃ °rs. But thÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µ hÐ °s chÐ °ngÐ µd Ð °nd thÐ µrÐ µ hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn cÃ'â€"rcumstÐ °ncÐ µs of nÐ °turÐ °l cÐ °lÐ °mÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd Ð ° rÐ °pÃ'â€"d chÐ °ngÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µ clÃ'â€"mÐ °tÃ'â€"c condÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n vÐ °rÃ'â€"ous rÐ µgÃ'â€"ons. It hÐ °s sÐ µnt thÐ µ compÐ °nÃ'â€"Ð µs on Ð ° bÐ °ck foot Ð °nd undÐ µr prÐ µssurÐ µ from vÐ °rÃ'â€"ous communÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ µst groups; thÐ µy no morÐ µ cÐ °n Ð µxploÃ'â€" t thÐ µ nÐ °turÐ µ Ð °t thÐ µÃ'â€"r wÃ'â€"ll Ã'â€"n ordÐ µr to sÐ °tÃ'â€"sfy thÐ µÃ'â€"r profÃ'â€"t motÃ'â€"vÐ µs. ThÐ µ compÐ °nÃ'â€"Ð µs of todÐ °y hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µcomÐ µ much morÐ µ conscÃ'â€"ous Ã'â€"n thÐ µÃ'â€"r opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons. (HoffmÐ °n, 1997, p.143)1.2 BÐ °ckground of thÐ µ rÐ µsÐ µÃ °rchOvÐ µr thÐ µ pÐ °st tÐ µn yÐ µÃ °rs, clÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µ chÐ °ngÐ µ hÐ °s mÐ °dÐ µ hÐ µÃ °dwÐ °y Ð °s Ð ° globÐ °l Ã'â€"ssuÐ µ, prÐ µmÃ'â€"Ð µr to thÐ µ Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µncÐ µ of nÐ µw Ã'â€"nstÃ'â€"tutÃ'â€"ons to hold bÐ °ck grÐ µÃ µnhousÐ µ gÐ °s (GHG) Ð µmÃ'â€"ssÃ'â€"ons. SÃ'â€"ncÐ µ thÐ µ Ð °doptÃ'â€"on of thÐ µ Kyoto Protocol Ã'â€"n 1997 Ð °nd thÐ µ lÐ °tÐ µr dÃ'â€"scussÃ'â€"ons on thÐ µ spÐ µcÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ã'â€"n pÐ µrÃ'â€"ods of Ã'â€"mplÐ µmÐ µntÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ð µspÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °lly Ð µmÃ'â€"ssÃ'â€"ons dÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"ng hÐ °s profÃ'â€"tÐ µd ground Ð °s Ð ° lÐ µgÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µ wÐ °y to dÐ µÃ  °l wÃ'â€"th thÃ'â€"s Ð µnvÃ'â€"ronmÐ µntÐ °l Ã'â€"ssuÐ µ. EmÃ'â€"ssÃ'â€"ons trÐ °dÃ'â€"ng Ð °llow countrÃ'â€"Ð µs whÃ'â€"ch drop undÐ µr thÐ µ Kyoto Protocol to dÐ µcrÐ µÃ °sÐ µ thÐ µÃ'â€"r GHG Ð µmÃ'â€"ssÃ'â€"ons by swÐ °ppÃ'â€"ng pÐ °rt of thÃ'â€"s rÐ µsponsÃ'â€"bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty wÃ'â€"th Ð °nothÐ µr pÐ °rty to thÐ µ Protocol. HowÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ Ã'â€"mplÐ µmÐ µntÐ °tÃ'â€"on of thÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"ntÐ µrgovÐ µrnmÐ µntÐ °l Ð µmÃ'â€"ssÃ'â€"ons dÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"ng rÐ µgÃ'â€"mÐ µ on Ð ° busÃ'â€"nÐ µss grÐ °dÐ µ hÐ °s glÃ'â€"mpsÐ µd lÐ °rgÐ µ dÃ'â€"vÐ µrsÃ'â€"ty worldwÃ'â€"dÐ µ

W2D 590 Organizational behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W2D 590 Organizational behavior - Essay Example le include actions and decisions made by employees, managers, and shareholders and their interactions and interrelationships with customers, community members, suppliers, investors, as well as government agencies which monitor their adherence to prescribed laws and regulations. The behavior in the US Army Recruiting command is expected and perceived to be positive given the crucial role and responsibilities for recruiting qualified people to join the U.S. Army. As emphasized, â€Å"bringing quality young men and women into the Army - people who will complete their tours of duty and make a contribution to the Nation’s defense - is the objective of the U.S. Army Recruiting Command as it goes about the mission of providing the strength for America’s Army† (U.S. Army Recruiting Command, 2014, p. 1). As such, the qualified recruiters are highly competent to locate and screen men and women who have the genuine desire to become members of the U.S. Army. The skills and qualifications that these men possess should fit the personnel requirements of the organization. Therefore, organizational behavior provides these recruiters with the theoretical frameworks for the function of acquisition, maintenance, development, and job organization which con tributes to the performance and productivity of the employees (Martires & Fule, 2004). Knowledge on the application of leadership theories, including application of leadership skills, styles, motivational strategies, communication, change management, and conflict resolution, among others, assist in providing job satisfaction and high

Marketing Strategy for Next Generation Gym, UK Essay

Marketing Strategy for Next Generation Gym, UK - Essay Example It is a combination of all these factors that lead young people and professionals to join gyms and sports facilities all over the world, and the UK is no exception. In fact the trend for a healthier and happier lifestyle is catching on here. Being in good shape and eating a healthy diet not only help get us noticed and appreciated more at the office and on the street, but also make us irresistible to the opposite sex (Adcock et al, 2001, 17). Most of all, it makes us happy. This paper will look at the comparatively new concept of pay as you go gyms in the UK, with particular reference to Next Generation Club Gyms, a business registered in Hertfordshire, UK. It also has a branch in Swindon. Pay As You Go, a New Concept in the Sports Industry In fact, Next Generation Club Gyms have been the subject of quite rapt attention by sport enthusiasts and marketers alike, since it has introduced the concept of pay as you go in the UK. Similar in concept to schemes for mobile phones, this new in novation has made it easier for people who would like to get into shape or practice some sort of sport activity not on a regular but on an infrequent basis, when they get the time. Of course, it is always better to follow a regular schedule when you can but many of us have varying responsibilities at different times of the day, week or month which does not give us the opportunity to live a really scheduled life. For example, a salesman who has to travel to customers for offers and closing deals can hardly know in advance where he will be at a certain time of the day or how long the next sales call will take. One can similarly get stuck with a last minute assignment at the office, or have to stay an extra shift because somebody is ill or cannot make it. For these individuals, pay as you go certainly makes sense (Perner, Pricing, 2011). When you come to think of it, pay as you go also makes sense for lazy individuals who are not self determined enough to follow a regular schedule. So the idea certainly has merit for most of us. Pay as you go is not only cheaper; you can book a time slot in advance and ensure availability of facilities and equipment that lets you exercise, swim or play tennis at ease and without waiting in line for people to clear out before you get a chance. The concept caught on in the USA some time ago but has only been recently introduced in the UK (Garvin, 1988, 20). Available Facilities and Activities Presently the activities available at Next Generation Gym Club in Swindon are swimming, exercise, racquets and relaxing opportunities. Swimming allows you to relax after a hard day’s work, play casually in the pool or if you are more competitive, even learn some new strokes and increase your lap speed. There are swimming lessons for kids and grownups as well, including aqua aerobics for anyone who is interested. Training for body strength and flexibility include Body Blast, Body Pump, Body Pump Express, Pilates, Spin, Yoga and Boxercise , all scheduled at different times. A monthly schedule is drawn up in advance. Facilities for NG Kids include rugby, basketball, soft play activities, make and create, karate, teen gym street dance academy and booking for parties. There are also squash, tennis and badminton facilities with professional coaching available. The cafe and

Reply of an Invitation Essay Example for Free

Reply of an Invitation Essay Thank you for the invitation to the Chinese National Day. It will be a wonderful opportunity to meet you all. I am very much happy that sharing the happiness and being a speaker at an upcoming dinner at Government House. Globally speaking, China is known as one of the world’s fastest growing economies. Due to the fact that the potential of China has been currently realized, trading with China becomes a major trend in the world. Especially in terms of the I. T. industry because of the large amount of population and rapid development of internet lead China to become the most powerful country in the world. Therefore, I am going to share the knowledge and views of dealing with China I. T. , in accordance to my experiences. Also, a funny but short video, which is created by the team of resource and development from our organization, would be kindly played for briefly introducing the relationship between China and I. T. and emphasizing the celebration of the Chinese National Day. Additionally, I would like to get more information in order to enrich the content and enhance the interest of the speech. First, it would be graceful to know more about the category of audience as well as special guests if any. A successful speech is critically depending on the responses of audience. I would like to give you all a meaningful speech. Moreover, the duration of the speech is an essential part of a speech. Though I understand the programs on that day would be tight. Thus, my time management should be fine tune. I am looking forward to a joyous and meaningful celebration for the Chinese National Day.

Dehlis History, Infrastructure and Political Structure

Dehlis History, Infrastructure and Political Structure DELHI Delhi,also known as the  National Capital Territory of India  is a metropolitan region in  India. Due to urban expansion in India its growth has expanded beyond the NCT to incorporate towns in neighbouring states and it can count a population of nearly 27 million residents as of 2014. The NCT and its urban region have been given the special status of  National Capital Region  (NCR) under the  Constitution of Indias 69th amendment act of 1991. The NCR includes the neighbouring cities of  Gurgaon,  Noida,  Ghaziabad,  Faridabad,  Greater Noida,  Alwar,  Bharatpurand other nearby towns. There are a number of legends associated with the origin of the name  Delhi. One is that it is derived fromDhilluorDilu, a king who built a city at this location in 50BC and named it after himself. Another is that the name is derived fromDilli, a corruption ofdehleezordehali—both terms meaning threshold or gateway—and symbolic of the city as a gateway to the  Gangetic Plain. HISTORY Delhi has been continuously inhabited since the 6th century BC.Through most of its history, Delhi has served as a capital of various kingdoms and empires. It has been captured, ransacked and rebuilt several times, particularly during the medieval period.Delhi was the site of ancient  Indraprastha(Khandavprastha), the ancient capital of the  Pandavas  during the  Mahabharata. By 1200, native Hindu resistance had begun to crumble, the dominance of foreign Muslim dynasties in India was to last for the next three hundred years, and Delhi was ruled by a succession of  Turkic  and an  Afghan,  Lodhi dynasty. They built a number of forts and townships that are part of the  seven cities of Delhi. In 1639, the Mughal emperor  Shah Jahan  built a new walled city named  Shahjahanabad, In Delhi, which served as the capital of the  Mughal Empire  from 1649 to 1847.Shahjahanabad today is Old Delhi. The greater part of Old Delhi is still confined within the space of Shah JahÄ ns walls, and several gates built during his rule—the Kashmiri Gate, the Delhi Gate, the Turkman Gate, and the Ajmeri Gate—still stand. In 1911 the British determined to shift the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi.The key architect was Sir Edwin Lutyensand it was he who gave shape to the city.The British moved to the partially built New Delhi in 1912, and construction was completed in 1931. A new capital city, New Delhi, was built to the south of the old city during the 1920s.When the British left India in 1947, New Delhi became its national capital and seat of the union government.. ECOLOGY Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the  Delhi ridge. The  Yamuna river  was the historical boundary between Punjab and UP, and its flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi. The Delhi ridge originates from the  Aravalli Range  in the south and encircles the west, north-east and north-west parts of the city. It reaches a height of 318m (1,043ft) and is a dominant feature of the region Delhi features an atypical version of the  humid subtropical climate. The warm season lasts from 9 April to 8 July with an average daily high temperature above 36 °C. The hottest day of the year is 22 May, with an average high of 38 °C and low of 25 °C.[59]The cold season lasts from 11 December to 11 February with an average daily high temperature below 18 °C. The coldest day of the year is 4 January, with an average low of 2 °C.Temperatures in Delhi usually range from 5 to 40 °C.The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi is 29 June. Delhi is the most polluted[66]city in the world and according to one estimate, air pollution causes the death of about 10,500 people in Delhi every year.The dense smog in Delhi during winter season results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year.Since the mid-1990s, Delhi has undertaken some measures to curb air pollution – Delhi has the third highest quantity of trees among Indian cities[78]and the  Delhi Transport Corporation  operates the worlds largest fleet of environmentally-friendly  compressed natural gas  (CNG) buses. Infrastructure Delhi has seen major infrastructural changes over the past few years amidst increased foreign investment and economic growth. Delhi’s infrastructure is attracting MNCs and corporate bodies from all over the world. Information technology, BPOs and other IT Services are among the growing industries in Delhi. Recent developments and  economical growth in Delhi  have put the city on the global map competing with other top cities in the world. Delhi has a much improved infrastructure with new roads, flyovers, bridges, healthcare facilities, sanitation, etc.  Education in Delhi has always been the  specialty of Delhi  with so many good schools and colleges to choose from. Other major initiatives of the government include telecom, housing, power facilities, and transportation. Sighting the upcoming Commonwealth Games 2010, Delhi is geared up for transforming itself to a world class city. Transport System In Delhi: Delhi Transport Corporation or the DTC is the main transportation medium in Delhi. DTC is the worlds largest compressed natural gas bus service. The service has come a long way since its inception in the year 1984. Now all buses have been converted into CNG in order to control the pollution level of the city. Apart from the bus service of the DTC, there are private Blue Line services which are under the private hands. International Airport of Delhi popularly known as  Indira Gandhi International Airport  is located 24 kilometers south of  New Delhi. It is a two-terminal airport with major Airlines from across the world having flights to and from Indira Gandhi International Airport. Out of the two terminals, one is the Domestic Terminal some 3 kilometers away from the International Terminal. Metro rail service in Delhi has come as a much awaited gift for the people of Delhi which has indeed changed the transport facility of the city. It has become the life line of Delhi as people are dependent on Delhi Metro for commuting to different places within the city.  Delhi Metro Project  has been recognized all over the world for its specialty in terms of a hi-tech rail and better equipped transport system. Other than these, taxis and autos are always in demand for shorter distances Housing structure In Delhi 96.98% families live in pucca, 2.01% in semi-pucca, and 1.01% in kutcha type of housing structure.  60.77% stay in independent, 19.02% in flat type dwellings.  In 2010 Total number of slums were estimated as 1867 and the households therein were  estimated as 3.79 lakhs. Crime rate Call it the inefficiency of the Delhi Police or the impact of liberal registration of cases, but the Capital recorded two to four times more criminal incidents till March this year as compared to the corresponding period in last year. Delhi has reported the highest rate of violent crimes in the country. The city reported 29 heinous crimes cases daily in 2013.According to NCRB statistics, the Capital’s daily data of violent crime included 17 incidents of abduction, three robberies and rapes each and a case of murder and attempt to murder between January 1 and December 31, 2013. Governance The  Government of Delhi  is the supreme governing authority of the  Indian  national capital territory of  Delhi  and its  9 districts. The  Delhi High Court  has jurisdiction over Delhi, which also has two lower courts: the  Small Causes Court  for civil cases, and the  Sessions Court  for criminal cases. The  Delhi Police, headed by the  Police Commissioner, is one of the largest metropolitan police forces in the world.[1] The  Parliament of India, the  Rashtrapati Bhavan  (Presidential Palace),  Cabinet Secretariat  and the Supreme Court of India are located in the municipal district of New Delhi.There is no Cabinet of Ministers in Government of Delhi, as Delhi is under  Presidents Rule.

Critical Essay On Human Error In Healthcare System Nursing Essay

Critical Essay On Human Error In Healthcare System Nursing Essay The potentially devastating consequences of accidents means the NHS has a clear mandate to prioritise medical error reduction, whilst utilising energy, attention, and creativity towards delivering high-performance, high-confidence healthcare (DoH, 2000). The application of psychological theories of human action and error has an important part to play within this endeavour, not least because they exceed the merely descriptive, instead combining cognitive, affective and behavioural considerations to provide more integrated understandings of patient safety issues (Parker Lawton, 2006). Indeed, according to Zhang and colleagues (2002, p.75) medical error is primarily an issue for cognitive scienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦not for medicine. Psychology has a long and distinguished tradition of discerning the nature and sources of human error (e.g., Broadbent, 1958; Rasmussen, 1990; Reason, 2000) and, in terms of patient safety, researchers are increasing recognising that appreciating such mechanisms is a vital prerequisite for devising suitable remediation (Parker Lawton, 2003, 2006). One important distinction in this regard is between the concept of slips/lapses (a sound plan, poorly executed), mistakes (an inappropriate plan, correctly implemented) and violations (a deliberate deviation from recommended practice). In contrast to the latter, which are generally intentional, slips/lapses and mistakes are primarily driven by failures in cognitive processing, and are therefore amenable to interventions based on knowledge acquisition, skills enhancement, and information provision (Lawton, 1998). It is these particular principles that form the basis of this review. Practitioner Errors Error in the health industry is ubiquitous, and the capacity for mistakes within even routine medical procedures is considerable (Bogner, 2004a). For example, a sobering compilation by Van Cott (1994) identified medication/anesthesia administration, laboratory testing, blood transfusions, diagnostic screening and the operation of medical technology as regular candidates for both incident reporting and malpractice claims. However, while healthcare providers conventionally emphasised refining technical proficiencies, appreciating the intricacy of staffs cognitive performance (and developing strategies to augment it) has a greater likelihood of enhancing safety (Hudson, 2003; Looseley et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2004). According to Casey (1993, p.9) the individual as an independent system (i.e., unhampered by any kind of technology) is actually remarkably reliable; conversely, error likelihood is amplified by incompatibilities between the characteristics of peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and the characteristics of the things we create and use. Applying psychological principles within healthcare systems has shown that working conditions, conventions, and procedures can be tailored to complement what we know about human behaviour, and that this wisdom can be utilised in a corrective way. Psychological research within other high-risk industries demonstrates that while mental operations often function beyond voluntary control, it is both possible and desirable to modify conditions in which staff perform (Green, 2004; Raab et al., 2006; Wilf-Miron et al., 2003). For example, McCulloch and colleagues (2009) designed an intervention derived from aviation-style Crew Resource Management coaching, implemented in the o perating theatre of a UK teaching hospital. The programme, comprised of teamwork skills, safety attitudes and performance training, was associated with significant reductions in operative technical errors and non-operative procedural errors. Similar results have been reported by Haller et al. (2008), who found that aviation-style training contributed to a significant improvement in multidisciplinary teamwork and organisational safety culture. In contrast, Rogers and colleagues (2004) advocate designing nurses work-shift cycles in concordance with current psychological knowledge about the impact of sleep disruption on acuity and performance, whereas Laschinger and Finegan (2005) suggest using empowerment principles derived from organisational psychology (e.g., workplace trust, respect, and justice) to motivate staff to lend their energy and expertise to prioritising patient safety. In more cognitive terms, Valenstein (2008) used tenets from the psychology of perception (e.g., optimized information density, ease of transfer, maximized fidelity/speed) to devise strategies for pathologists to format surgical reports in a manner that communicates most effectively and limits the chance of misinterpretation. Similarly, Shojania (2002) suggests that research inspired both by cognitive psychology and accident investigation within other industries provides the raw materials for predicting errors, recording critical incidents, and r eacting to them in a proactive, non-punitive manner. According to Reason (1994, p.ix) blaming fallible individualsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is universal, natural, emotionally satisfying and legallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦convenient. Unfortunately it has little or no remedial value  [1]  . One of the most basic principles of error management that transitory mental states like preoccupation, disorientation, and distraction are mostly inadvertent and hugely variable has been guided by psychological research into human performance that emphasise the necessity of systems-based approaches which identify latent organisational failures in addition to active individual errors (Bogner, 2004b). Medical systems incorporate vast, intricate arrays of disparate and semi-autonomous components, operating within variable, diffused and unpredictable circumstances. Indeed, according to Van Cott (1994, p.55) of all sociotechnical systems [healthcare delivery]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is the largest, most complex, most costly and, in some respects, the most unique. Furthermore, it is grounded within a person-centred, person-driven system, with human operators its most ubiquitous and valuable element. Using the science of human thought and behaviour to enhance and refine human performance therefore appears a profitable way of pursuing healthcare quality and safety. Patient Errors Poor adherence to self-administered medical interventions is a pervasive, wide-ranging problem which compromises the efficacy of prescribed healthcare, squanders therapeutic resources and, most seriously, potentially endangers patient well-being (Park et al., 2004; Roter et al., 1998; Thomas, 2009). Research suggests that at least 50% of patients fail to receive the full benefit of therapeutic recommendations (e.g., preventative practices, medication regimens, lifestyle modification) due to inadequate observance of medical advice (Morisky et al., 2009), whereas up to 30% use drug prescriptions in a manner that poses a serious risk to health (Schmittdiel et al., 2008). Both conceptually and methodologically, medical compliance raises complex issues for patients and providers, meaning that a careful consideration of the problem is necessary before significant and meaningful enhancements in adherence (and consequent health status) can be achieved (Haynes et al., 1996). An important contribution from psychology for precluding self-care errors is a systematic understanding of the cognitive changes that may provoke them. Specifically, memory and comprehension deficits are a manifest cause of poor compliance (Park et al., 2004). This is particularly prevalent in terms of age-related cognitive decline, although even younger adults with high cognitive functioning are not exempt from the kind of intellective impairments that thwart the ability to attend to ones medical needs. This is consistent with the well-established finding that declines in cognitive ability are gradual, continuous and linear across the adult lifespan (Baltes Lindenberger, 1997). For example, medical errors in elderly individuals may be partly generated by deteriorations in processing speed, working memory and long-term recall (Davis et al., 2010; Hayes et al., 2009; Stoehr et al., 2008), which impede the ability to both encode and retrieve unfamiliar medical regimens, or to incorpor ate them into a treatment plan compatible with daily routine. In contrast, deficits in time-based prospective memory (Woods et al., 2009), working memory (Smith, 2007), and source memory (Park et al., 2004) can compromise the capacity of younger adults to adequately self-manage medical recommendations, an effect exacerbated amongst those who are inexperienced healthcare consumers (Park, 1999), or who are subject to excessive distraction, stress or fatigue (Stilley et al., 2010). Similarly, the illusion of truth effect, whereby statement repetition heightens perceived truth (Begg, 1992), is a powerful memory distortion to which adults of all ages are susceptible, and which can be dangerous in the medical realm if false information is remembered as true (for example, a conscientious clinician who repeatedly extols the futility of herbal remedies for diabetes may risk her patient paradoxically recalling herbal remedies as advantageous, due to failures in context-dependent memory: Park et al., 2004). In response to this, psychological research has informed a range of interventions to reduce medical self-management errors. For example, providing older adults with novel information in written form promotes assimilation through decreasing burdens on working memory (Tsai, 2006), whereas comprehension and decision-making can be enhanced through environmental supports like audiovisual materials, telephone instruction, and follow-up sessions with a healthcare provider (Myers Midence, 1998). Cognitive resources may also be supplemented with contextual supports, which help consolidate memory for health communications at the time of encoding and retrieval for patients of all ages. For example, simplified treatment regimens, or those that are conveniently tailored to daily habits (Smith, 2007), medication organizers and reminder pill packaging/prescription refills (Petersen et al., 2007), supportive home visits (Kripalani et al., 2007), behavioural contracting and modelling (Christensen J ohnson, 2002), text-message prompts (Matsui, 2009), and electronic beepers (Kalichman, 2005), have all been shown to consistently enhance treatment adherence, with subsequent improvements in treatment outcomes. A considerable benefit of all these strategies is that they employ resources that are readily accessible within clinical settings. Conclusions According to Rasmussen (1994, p.392) patient safety is a frontier for change. An important aspect of this process is effective transfer of research themes into clinical practice. While psychological approaches have facilitated enhanced performance and learning at both organisational and individual levels, ensuring such improvements remain sustained and intentional is a complex task. Successful diffusion of evidence-based interventions to real-world applications requires prudent planning, implementation, and evaluation in order that healthcare quality can be constantly revised and refined. For example, inadequate understandings of the theoretical processes implicated in behaviour change means evidence-based guidelines are often poorly implemented within medical settings (Michie et al., 2005), while the intense rapidity and intricacy of change within healthcare means conflict can exist between academics seeking to develop and refine theories, and the more immediate, practical need of p ractitioners seeking information on which to develop interventions. In this respect, a promising area for development is increased multidisciplinary working, not only in terms of partnerships between practitioners and psychologists, but in the active involvement and recruitment of patients themselves (DoH, 2005). Collaboration can be seen as the coming together of diverse interests and people to achieve a common purpose via interactionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and coordination of activities(Jassawalla Sashittal, 1998, p.239), with such alliances potentially facilitating the merging of science and practice through enhanced information-sharing, formulating accessible and meaningful research questions, developing shared visions of patient safety, and designing/disseminating interventions using appropriate materials and methods for practitioner/patient needs. As Carr and Kemmis (1996, p.165) observe, within this aspiration is: Improvement of a practice of some kindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦improvement of the understanding of a practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦andà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the improvement of the situation in which the practice takes placeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Those involved in the practice being considered are to be involved inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦all its aspects of planning, acting, observing and reflecting for optimum results. 1782=1727

The Gravity Bong :: The Gravity Bong

The Gravity Bong I was introduced to the gravity bong by a friend. He told me the full name as described to him was the "Afghanistan Gravity Bong". We were sitting around one night and decided to try one out. While I could go into detail concerning the mechanics of the bong's operation, I don't think that is really necessary. The reason it is called a "gravity bong" and not something else is this is what someone called it, that is how they described it to their friends, and now it is an accepted term for the following setup. I have observed some people on the net arguing about gravity vs. pressure vs. whatever. If you have comments like this as a result of this description, I refer you to: alt.engineering.geeks. The type of argument I have observed would have been halted a long time ago by declaring a "TECH TIME OUT !!" at our school. Take a hit man. I feel better now having said all that, so... on with the important stuff... GRAVITY BONG OPERATION: STEP 1: Place the bottomless bottle into a water source such as a bucket of water, sink, bathtub, larger bottle, fishtank (just kidding), etc...When the bottle rests on the bottom, the mouth piece should be above the water level enough to grip the bottle. I'm not sure if warm or cold water is best, or even if it makes much difference seeing as the smoke is not bubbled through it. STEP 2: Pack the bowl and place it on the mouth of the bottle. STEP 3: SLOWLY!! draw the bottle out of the water, while lighting the bowl. The herb should really burn and the smoke will look intimidating. Stop when: a)the herb is all ash (preferable), or b)when the bottom of the bottle is still an inch or so below the water level in the bucket. Begin preparing yourself for a huge hit. STEP 4: CAREFULLY remove the bowl without letting the bottle move downward (up a little is o.k., but don't lwt the bottom come out of the water), exhale deeply, and place your mouth over the opening. Inhale quickly and completely, allowing your head to move downward. Try not to drink any bong water as this kind of sucks! (although its like learning to swim, it's bound to happen a little). STEP 5: Don't cough and hang on tight! PACKED BOWL >> $$ I I I/I BOTTLE >> / BOTTLE >> / / / | / | | / | |~~~~|~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~| |~~~~|~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~| |~~~~|~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~| |~~~~|~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~| |~~~~|~~WATER~~~|~~~~| |~~~~|~~WATER~~~|~~~~| |~~~~|~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~| |~~~~|~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~| |~~~~|~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~| |~~~~|~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~| __________________/ __________________/ BUCKET BUCKET Step 1 Step 2 / = BOWL % $$ = HERB LIGHTER __ *% ** = LIGHTER FLAME

Nutrition Case Studies :: Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet

Please read the following case studies and answer the questions which follow them. The questions may have several right answers; I am looking to see if you have put some thought into the assignment and that you give accurate information in your responses. Please email your answers to me by June 24. If you have any questions about this assignment, please email me before June 24. Case Study 1 Randy, age 36, and his whole family love football. They love to play football and to watch football. Randy played football in college, but now that he has a job at a law firm working many hours, he just plays every once in a while on a Saturday. In college he was in great shape and could eat anything he wanted. Now he just doesn’t make it to the gym that often and has lost muscle and has been gaining some weight. He is about 6 feet and weighs 250. Randy and his family also love â€Å"meat and potatoes† type food. On the weekend they often barbeque ribs and burgers that are washed down with several beers. During the week, Randy gets coffee and a donut on the way to work and goes to lunch with clients at various restaurants. His wife usually cooks dinner—just like his mom used to. He knows that he has been gaining some weight but he still feels pretty good. A few years ago his cousin was diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Recently Randy’s father was also diagnosed with colorectal cancer. This makes Randy a little nervous and he wonders if there is anything that he can do to prevent or lower his chances of getting cancer as well. 1. Do you think that Randy is at risk for colorectal cancer? Why or why not?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Randy is at rish for colorectal cancer. While it estimates that the contribution of the enviornment in people with colon cancer is 65%, the other 35% is genetic factors, and Randy's cousin, and father have been diagnosed. 2. What dietary advice would you give Randy?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most types of cancers are related to factors such as high fat and alcohol intakes, Randy displays both of these attributes. His meat and potatoes type food is high in fat, as well as the donut he has every day on his way to work. The lunches out everyday at resturants I'm sure are not the most healthy choices he could be making as well.

The Link Between Friendship and Moral Development Essay -- Teaching Ed

The Link Between Friendship and Moral Development The study of morality is molded by an intricately linked set of tangential issues each of which has a unique effect on moral development. Friendship and peer groups in particular play an indisputable role in helping to shape the path of moral development in children and adolescents. In evaluating various philosophical and psychological perspectives on morality, two principal arguments emerge concerning the link between friendship and moral development: in the first argument, friendships act as a positive force in fostering moral development, as they provide a background upon which children can formulate their own moral rules and values. In direct contradiction, the second argument espouses friendship and morality as inherently antithetical, relying heavily on the idea that friendship encourages subjectiveness and impartiality. The potential negative influence of peer influence on moral development is perhaps most clearly manifested in the prevalence of aggression and violence in the lives of many children and adolescents. In studying the link between friendship and moral development, then, it is crucial to consider both the positive and negative consequences that peer relations can have on a child’s struggle to develop his own individual sense of morality. The Definition of Friendship and its Relationship to Moral Development In exploring the effects of friendship on moral development, particularly in children and adolescents, it is necessary first to establish the ways in which these phenomena are related. Traditionally, friendship and morality have been viewed as separate entities independent of one another; consequently, there is little research pertaining to the specif... ... York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Cairns, Robert and Beverley. Lifelines and Risks: Pathways of Youth in our Time.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Eron, L., Gentry, J., & Schlegel, P. Reason to Hope: A Psycholosocial Perspective on Violence and Youth. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1994. Friedman, Marilyn. What Are Friends For? London: Cornell University Press, 1993. Garbarino, James. Lost Boys. New York: The Free Press, 1999. Henry, David B. "Peer Groups, Families, and School Failure Among Urban Children: Elements of Risk and Successful Interventions." Preventing School Failure, 44:3, 97-105. Piaget, Jean. The Moral Judgment of the Child. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1932. Pinderhughes, Howard. Race in the Hood: Conflict and Violence Among UrbanYouth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.

The obstacles challenges and opportunities

IntroductionConflict is a fact of life. It surrounds us and is every bit natural as dawn and sunset harmonizing to Warner ( 1997 ) . Conflict exists at all degrees of society in all kinds of state of affairss. Conflict frequently occurs because of a deficiency of regard for one another ‘s demands and positions. It can supply an chance for new societal and political systems to be established and can assist to determine the hereafter.Structure of essayThis essay will get down to depict what the obstructions, challenges and chances confronting pedagogues are when working in societies in struggle and post-conflict state of affairss with mention to Sri Lanka as a chief instance survey and literature associating to instructions responses to conflict.Background of instance survey: Sri LankaThe civil war in Sri Lanka began because of the cultural tensenesss between the bulk Sinhalese and the Tamil minority in the nor'-east. After more than twenty five old ages of force, the struggle ap peared to be at an terminal in May 2009 when authorities forces seized the last country controlled by Tamil Tiger Rebels. It is now clip for Sri Lanka to acquire back to normal with respect to reconstructing the authorities, substructure and instruction. Since investing in cosmopolitan primary instruction, Sri Lanka has gained high rates of registration ( 98.2 % , UNICEF ) and literacy ( 92 % , UNICEF ) . Sri Lanka has one of the most literate populations amongst developing states. This figure is farther being invested in within the Millennium Development Goals with the purpose of holding all primary school aged kids in instruction by 2015.ChallengesTeaching of HistoryThe instruction of the history within the course of study can be a challenge for pedagogues. It was noted by Davis ( 2005 ) that merely ‘some ‘ instructors seize the chance to undertake current events whilst the others lacked assurance or were uneasy in covering with the issues of history, war or terrorist act. Research carried out by Davis ( 2005 ) found that instructors agreed in the chief that pupils wanted and needed to cognize about their states history and their engagement in the war. There was consensus that a complex attack was needed that war ‘is n't about victors and also-rans ‘ , but both sides should be presented and that options to war should be discussed. Although this is ideal for learning history in the course of study, some states and even pedagogues disagree with this attack. In some history or societal scientific discipline text editions, the enemy is described in in writing and minimizing footings and one ‘s ain state is portrayed in epic 1s. Textbooks in Sri Lanka in 1970 ‘s and 1980 ‘s declared the Tamils were the historical enemy of the Sinhalese and stylised the Buddhist Sinhalese, in denial of the historical facts, as the lone legitimate inheritors of the history of Sri Lanka. Although it was stated by Davis ( 2005 ) that both sid es of the struggle should be taught, it is clear that in Sri Lanka there is one sided instruction. Educators in Sri Lanka teach what they believe to be true and it is clear that Tamil and Sinhalese are being taught two different history lessons. For this to better, pedagogues need to experience comfy and besides learn the facts of the struggle themselves before it is taught to the kids. Having lived through the war it is indispensable that kids learn the grounds behind it. By showing kids with both sides, it gives them their ain ideas on the affair. This in bend could take to traverse community undertakings with the two different schools. With the aid and encouragement for pedagogues who teach, alteration can be seen get downing to organize in the future coevals ‘s lives. Other illustrations of the challenge of learning history are in Bosnia and Rwanda. Textbooks in Bosnia in each of the three ‘nations ‘ had portraitures of attackers and victims were ‘not helpful for peace edifice and rapprochement ‘ ( Stabback 2004:60 ) . In Rwanda, the history books portrayed the Tutsi as rich, foreign and oppressive ; kids were indoctrinated to believe in unreal differences. Mitter ( 2001 ) points out for cardinal and Eastern Europe that ‘Teachers have had to undertake exigency state of affairss in their mundane pattern ; in some states this has non yet come to an terminal at all. In all the states it started with call offing certain course of study and withdrawing, or at least choosing application of hitherto valid text editions†¦ in many schools old text editions are still used, with violative documents or transitions eliminated ‘ ( p155 ) . An illustration of where this has been the instance is in Bosnia and Herzegovina w here names and maps have been taken out in black felt tip pen.Gender inequalityOne other challenge pedagogues face is gender inequality. While school registration has increased for kids in most states, the gender spread still persists. In most low-income states, parents are more likely to direct their boies to school. If they do go to, misss are frequently obliged to drop out early. Less than one one-fourth of misss in developing states attend secondary school. It is the civilization of Sri Lanka that the kids follow in the footfalls of their parents. Yemen is an illustration of a state with the lowest female pupils go toing secondary school ( 20 % ) . Many international understandings such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women ( 1979 ) and the Millennium Development Goals ( 2000 ) have highlighted the demand for states to take action against prejudiced patterns. The increased focal point on adult females and misss since the International Year for Women ( 1975 ) has led to many betterments in the lives of adult females and misss. In Sri Lanka it was found that most pedagogues are female. This is interesting to observe as it is common for misss to drop out of school before university degree. It is a challenge for pedagogues to seek and maintain misss in school. Although most misss do non go to school in distant rural countries, they do still hold the chance for instruction. As Sri Lanka is now a post-conflict state, it is now clip for all kids to derive some instruction so they can alter the lives of future coevalss. Not merely does gender inequality exist in Sri Lanka, it is really common throughout the universe. There is an old Arab Proverb which says ‘a adult male loves foremost his boy, so his camel and so his married woman. ‘ As portion of the forenoon supplication of an Orthodox Jew, it states ‘Lord, I thank thee that I was non born a adult female. ‘ Another quotation mark from Confucius, China ‘It is the jurisprudence of nature that adult females should non be allowed any will of her ain. ‘ From these three quotation marks from around the universe, it is clear to see gender inequality is non uncommon. Although these quotation marks do non straight associate to instruction, it is utile to hold some background information and what other states think or perceive of adult females. For adult females to derive something in life, for illustration a good calling, it takes a batch of difficult work and finding to go something other people do n't believe is possib le.ObstaclesResources availableAn obstruction for pedagogues in struggle state of affairss is the sum of resources there are available. In Sri Lanka in 2004 there was a lay waste toing tsunami which hit the state. This alone left 1000s of kids and instructors in danger and wholly destroyed school edifices and everything in them including books, kids ‘s work and pupil records. Apart from the tsunami there is still a deficiency of resources available for pedagogues to utilize. In schoolrooms in Sri Lanka there is small proviso for Information Communication Technology ( ICT ) . The chief instruction methods pedagogues use is a chalkboard, pen and paper. This is an obstruction that needs to be addressed. It is clear that school registration has non reached 100 % yet so initiatives need to be taken to acquire kids more involved in the school community and promoting them to fall in. If pedagogues overcome this obstruction so the authorities reference this issue, greater proviso for ICT can be made. An enterprise like this one is already being put in topographic point. This will be discussed further in the chances subdivision.Child soldiersEducators besides face the obstruction of kid soldiers. Child soldiers are deprived of their childhood, normal societal interaction and educational chances. The injury they experience frequently leave them with long-run guilt, shame, low self-pride, incubuss and depression. Sudan is recognised as holding one of the worst records of kid soldiers, forcibly enrolling many 1000s every bit immature as 12 old ages old. One-third of kid soldiers in El Salvador, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Uganda are misss. So are 30-40 % of kid battlers in Angola and Sierra Leone. In Sri Lanka, immature Tamil misss, frequently orphans have been consistently conscripted by Tamil Tiger resistance combatants since the mid 1980 ‘s. Their most recent enlisting thrusts in schools have focused on misss. In February 2002 the Optional Protocol to the UN Conv ention on the Rights of the Child in armed struggle came into force. The pact rose the age of mandatory engagement in armed struggles from 15 to eighteen. This represents a important progress in the protection of kids ‘s rights. Child soldiers are a challenge for pedagogues. New enterprises are now put in topographic point in Sri Lanka which attempt and convey back the kids to instruction. Once they are back in school, it is so the pedagogue ‘s occupation to pull off them in a category. As already stated they experience traumas and this has an consequence on their behavior and their attitude towards their equals. Educators need farther preparation on how to get by, promote and manage kids who have gone through injury. This is one obstruction that the Sri Lanka instruction system needs to turn to.OpportunitiesAfter violent struggle, it is frequently hard to see chances for a better hereafter due to widespread devastation of substructures, instruction and supports.Developi ng the course of study for a positive acquisition environmentAn chance that can come from states in struggle or states that are coming out of struggle is the development of the course of study for a positive acquisition environment. This in bend can hold a positive impact on schools, authoritiess, kids and pedagogues themselves for the hereafter. Having contacted a worker in Sri Lanka it was found that ‘Civic Education ‘ has late been introduced to the school course of study. This new enterprise has been provided by the authorities with financess for developing the instruction course of study. Educators now have the chance for heighten their ain personal experiences for reconstructing the hereafter with the aid of the authorities. While implementing new enterprises it gives pedagogues the chance to affect kids in the schoolroom which provides a sense of ownership in their acquisition. It is easier to maintain most kids engaged in a lesson when they are actively a portion of it through treatment, undertakings and other pupil centred activities. Once engaged, kids so begin to make their ain regard for the remainder of the kids in the category. Respect is something which is a possible influence to convey into any schoolroom but particularly of import to convey into a schoolroom where kids have been involved in struggle or are populating in conflict countries. Andrew ( 2008 ) quoted ‘A schoolroom environment that promotes respect starts with pupil engagement, clear outlooks and asperity. ‘ What a great chance for Sri Lankan instructors to acquire involved in. Northern Ireland can be said to hold created a positive acquisition environment in the schoolroom. Educators here have taken the Northern Ireland Revised Curriculum and implemented it into their mundane instruction where interaction is the chief focal point in the kids ‘s development and acquisition. Like Sri Lanka, Northern Ireland provides the chance to learn regard to kids in all Key Stages. In the course of study it states that in Personal Development and Mutual Understanding ( PDMU ) helps kids to go cognizant of the universe beyond their immediate environment and to larn about others from a footing of tolerance, regard and open-mindedness. As stated in the Northern Ireland Revised Curriculum, communicating is besides a focal point in deriving this regard ‘Communication is cardinal to the whole course of study. Students should be able to pass on in order to develop as persons, to show themselves socially, emotionally and physically to prosecute with others and to len d as members of society. Students should be given chances to prosecute with and show the accomplishment of communicating and to reassign their cognition about communicating constructs and accomplishments to existent life and meaningful contexts across the course of study. ‘New engineerings for pedagogues and kidsNot merely are pedagogues implementing new enterprises, the World Bank is besides conveying in new chances which pedagogues can utilize to assist maintain kids interested and focused on their instruction. A new engineering which has been introduced in Northern Ireland over the last five old ages is the Synergistic Whiteboard. Sri Lanka has been donated ten of these Interactive Whiteboards by SMART Technologies in Canada. This is a great chance for farther develop pedagogues and kids ‘s potency. Sri Lanka ‘s pedagogues have been trained to utilize the Interactive Whiteboards by Indian pedagogues who have late implemented this new manner of larning in their s choolroom. Not merely does this supply new engineerings for pedagogues and kids but besides links in India. The World Bank provided the bulk of the support for the One Laptop Per Child Initiative. In December 2009, the Sri Lankan President launched the pilot programme. This programme benefited over four 100 primary schools. The mission of this programme is to guarantee that all school-aged kids are able to prosecute efficaciously with their ain personal laptop networked to the universe. It has been found that these laptops have given kids the chance to larn, accomplish and transform their communities. It has besides been found that wherever the laptop goes, school attending additions dramatically as the kids begin to open their heads and research their ain potency. This is a great chance in which pedagogues can promote kids and immature people to pass on with other communities. Cross-community undertakings can be a portion of this. Educators can construct relationships with other sc hools and gives the chance for larning about other communities in a impersonal environment.DecisionFrom discoursing challenges, obstructions and chances, it is clear that instruction has a cardinal function in the development of kids ‘s personality. The nexus between instruction and struggle is now forthrightly on the Education for All ( EFA ) docket of international educationalists ( Tawil et al, 2004 ) . The EFA motion is a planetary committedness to supply quality basic instruction for all kids, young person and grownups. The motion was launched at the World Conference on EFA in 1990 by UNESCO, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF and the World Bank. Participants endorsed an ‘expanded vision of larning ‘ and pledged to universalize primary instruction and massively cut down illiteracy by the terminal of the decennary. It is through EFA and aid from other administrations that pedagogues can get down learning kids in struggle and post-conflict state of affairss. Finally, ‘Ed ucation is the most powerful arm which you can utilize to alter the universe ‘ , Nelson Mandela.

Counsello

Kenya tie of Professional Counsellors School of talk over Studies MA IN COUNSELLING STUDIES Please encounter in all details and affix to e truly assignment you complete. Students NameDorcas Adoyo Mwinda Date of Submission thirtieth October 2009 Assignment (please tick appropriate box)1 2 mental faculty 1Exploration in guidance Module 2 sympathy in Counselling Module 3 Integration in Counselling Module 4 PracticumVideo EvaluationModule 5 Research Methods Module 6 harangue Title of Assignment The Appropriateness of soul centered barbel in sub-Saharan Africa Comments (please tick appropriate box) First interior(a) tester Second External ExaminerSecond familiar Examiner External Examiner Recommended pass onPercentageLevel (MA/PG Dip) Name of ExaminerElias Gikundi SignedDate TABLE OF confine TITLEPage No. Introduction2 What is unmarried centred Approach3 View of sympathetic nature3 congruence5 dogmatic Positive Regard6 empathetic Under endorseing(a)6 Concepts ex singler ateded in psyche- centred Approach7 Values exposed in person centred glide slope9 Effectiveness of some unitary Centred Approach in Sub-Saharan Africa11 Conclusion13 References14 INTRODUCTION Counselling has been perceived as an advice in umteen sub- Saharan Afri under organise countries and in addition the fact that there atomic number 18 umpteen way go wholenesss which argon apply it has veritable(a) change by reversal more than confusing for slew to understand. entirely due to different sleep withs we face in African countries like tribal clashes, destination difference of opinions, Poverty, political inst great power, racism, unemployment, HIV/AIDS and some separates charge was introduced from the western culture to impart healing to the concerned and infected people, and frankincense person centred come along was adopted because it assistances repugn with soulfulness aromaings, which would swear out the read still cover version to the surroundin g both literally and mentally. individual centred shape up is one among the some separate charge attackes used in sessions which I am sure that it is not well cognize in sub Saharan African.In this paper, I am acquittance to going to discuss on the relevance of person centred get along in sub- Saharan African and also examining in Kenyan concept. In summing up I shall give my finding on what I think or feel around the topic am writing ab expose. WHAT IS PERSON CENTRED APPROACH? person centred border on championed by Carl Rogers in the mid-thirties and 1940s. This approach assist thickenings to listen to their feelings and national voices and in doing so lymph nodes can nail to do better in their take in, (Nelson, 2001).Since we argon aw ar what it is all slightly fitly the question is how does it run benevolent creations? soak up OF HUMAN NATURE Rogers (1961) utters that person centred approach stare piece cosmoss as having the ability to steer the co urse of their lives, if offered in a relationship the core set aparts. Rogers (1967) also articulates that to be ego- importance which one is truly is, is more than an attain adequate to(p) goal of person centred therapy, save a key aspect in the dish out of becoming a in full procedure person.I do tick off with Rogers because, this therapy does not allow a lymph gland to talk or so others entirely brings the client to self-importance and mete outing with what is affect him or her now. In person centred approach forgiving nature is seen as introductoryally mixer so that human beings be by nature protective, caring, compassionate and understanding towards separately other, (Mearns et al. 1988). He argues that the dependence of human infants and interdepence of adults points in the akin direction as does the bunko game capacity to infer imaginatively the realise of others. agree to Bozarth et al. (1986) person centred approach has the view that all human beings scram at bottom them the innate capacity to grow towards their confess unique fulfilment (or to move towards self effectiveisation). I in person feel that condescension all ethnic impact on us, environmental factors and appreciate that are being imposed on us, we still encounter the drive towards self actualisation and also discover within ourselves the capacity of gain, and because whatever we do, we are the people who knows what is the right way and wrong for us further not others.Rogers (1951) emphasises that an accurate concept of self is critical for healthy ontogenesis, he stated that a long with a realistic self concept goes a realist perception of naturalism and situation in which the individual finds himself or herself in. ( Kirschenbaum et al, 1989). My contention is that the address of life as it is called by Rogers to be that self which one is truly is has been on philosophical minds for centuries and to check individuals are still wrestling with the ver y concept of being dependable to self.Corey (2001) underscores the same when he says that person centred therapy puts emphasis on concepts of openhandeddom, choice, set, in-person certificate of indebtedness, autonomy, purpose and meaning. Despite this approach emphasizing on individual mystifyment, in some sub Saharan African countries (Kenya being one of them) personal development is seen as selfish and importance is ethnic value of the common good to individuals.If we are to be more explicit about our culture, which is what we propose, it is important for the healer to be panoptical in terms of their value dodging or African view beliefs and standing in the community. This allows healers to be clear in and about their relationship with clients and offers the client the safeguard that the therapist is not a apart(p) remote or mystical approach pattern only if an accountable member of the community. psyche centred approach is perhaps the tho hypothesis to take pre dominately a good brute view of human nature.For Rogers the actual mark in humans is haughty and it only be return negative to the extent that it is blockade and frustrated by environmental factors. slice going finished the view of human nature by person centred surmise I realised that there are core conditions which are necessary in this approach which acts as guidance in counselling session. Like wise discolour (2002) suggests that the presence of core conditions in the remediation relationship can set in train a directional serve up towards being more true to one self. So what are these core conditions? CongruenceRogers (1961, pg 61) defined therapist congruence as by this we mean that the feelings the therapist is experiencing are available to him, available to his certainness and he is able to live these feelings a, be them and able to communicate them if appropriate . awareness involves the therapist awareness of their get culture and themselves in relation to it an d indeed to the populace. Congruence modifys a therapist to come to terms with their frame in indian lodge and the predicaments of life in relation to culture. It is useful in a session because it brings about self-reliance in a helping relationship.I bring in come to realise that being dependable does not demand that I be rigidly consistent barely be dependably real (Rogers 1990a, pg 19). from my produce in counselling I fuddle come to realise that congruence is imperative in a session because it makes it easier for a client to trust you. In Kenya there are forty cardinal tribes with different culture, tho still it will not foil the therapist to be congruent because a client only deficiencys trust and genuineness which makes them feel that they are I the right place and also they can get honest response from a counselor-at-law.Mearns et al. (1988) says that in the person centred approaches, congruence dissolves the mysteriousness of the counsellor , and as with other core conditions it has its grow and equivalence in other ethnical traditions as wisdom, mindfulness, nimble surrender ( Purton, 1994). irresponsible verificatory necessitate. Rogers describe this condition multifariously as unconditional acceptance, prizing, non- possessive, love and warmth. He adds that developmentally as humans, we nonplus a learn for unconditional positive dissemble and to have an internal self guard, (Rogers, 1959).Unconditional positive regard is important because it instantaneously sabotages such(prenominal) conditions of worth the counsellor value her client ir heedive of the client conformist to conditions. I feel it is important for therapist to be clear about their own culture, both their culture of origin and their stage culture and to be aware of the positive message about their culture featurely if the therapist themselves had problems in growing and growing within their own culture. Villas- Rose Bowen (1984) says that in exploitation mi litary positions on unconditional positive regard, then we need to consider regard for self, others and culture itself.Empathic understanding Empathic understandings Rogers mostly referred to it is to aesthesis the clients private humans as if it were your own, but without ever losing the as if quality, (Rogers, 1957). In my opinion, the as if condition as Rogers proposes it, in his 1959 definition of empathy must in the first place be understand as the stressing of the necessity of being incessantly aware that the experience and feeling that the therapist is stressful to live into, do take off in the client and not in the therapist. ( new wavederschot,1990 p. 290). personally think that empathy is the ability to stand very close to someone else to appreciate what it is like to be that other person in that other person in that other persons world. This never feels easy because it involves stepping out of your own frame flirts and trying to appreciate what it is to view ones c ulture by dint of their eyes rather than your own. Concepts exposed in person centred approach. According to Dardenne et al. (1989) potent person centred counsellors are people who leaven the intrinsic qualities of genuineness, non-possessiveness, warmth and empathy with the clients.Counsellors treat their clients with non-judgemental respect and hope to introduce practical slipway in which this can be achieved crosswise any ethnic divide. I do find it rather easy and slick when all those qualities mentioned above are utilize in session and you find that it even makes a client to feel free to share his experience without any fear. Person centred is a means of meshing the symbolised (or symbolising) incongruence of the client with the congruence of the therapist. It is not appropriate suffice for people who are merely privation to have education experience. Mearns et al. 2000). With different problems set about many sub- Saharan countries, people feel that they do need edu cation to help them curb their problems, but unlike other counselling approaches as psychodynamic and gestalt which bids education, person centred approach tends to differ. I do agree with Mearns because people do not only need education which they feel will enable them get out of the problems they are by-liner but person centred emphasis is on working with the person to help him deal with the problem. Rogers, 1959) adds that person centred therapy simply does not work with clients who are experiencing incongruence in their living and wanting to change that incongruence. Person centred approach requires a level of acceptance which enable therapists to embody themselves when clients attack them. I feel that this is passing vital because due to many problems that affect people in sub- Saharan Africa which in most cases have badly modify their experience in life, they tend to take up their anger and stresses, and even feeling to counsellors.The therapist should provide support to the affected clients and then the level of acceptance needs to be comfortablely robust to withstand the pang of relating to those who prove to be aggressive, demeaning or even contemptuous and hostile ( Mearns et al. 2000). According to Thorne (19910 person centred approaches start from the assumption that all(prenominal) living organism is driven by an actualising intention an instinctive reflecting the desire to grow, develop and enhance one capacities to the fullest ( actualisation ).Mearns and Thorne (2000) states that this process of self actualisation is fraught with complexity and anxiety because the organismic self as essentially trustworthy and a co-ordinated whole of experiencing conflict within the developing self concept of the individual which distorts or denies experiences into awareness as it is heavily helpless on positive regard fro others. And as Thorne (1991) argues that gradually we learn to see ourselves as others ignoring our own interior(a) experie ncing.I personally feel that one cannot get to self actualisation without struggle and taking manikin of my country Kenya, many people do live below the poverty line and are ready to do anything just to be able to cater his basic needs and therefore instead of direction in how to get out of the situation, he explores refuge from others and even try to written matter their lifestyle putting at the fundament of his mind what he is and thence ignoring our inner experience and views ourselves as others.Covey (1989) argues that in African society, we whitethorn have gained an marvelous degree of outward success but inwardly individuals have divorced themselves from the grow and valuing process in serving the structure of capitalist society. Therefore this approach enables a person to work with the enigmaticaler need to make rather than depending on others.Rogers was fundamentally an optimist about human potential, arguing that ideally the actualising tendency refers to self actu alisation where aspects of self and concepts are synonymous or congruent, ( Mearns and Thorne, 2000), this ideal human conditions is embroiled in the fully functioning persons who as Rogers ( 1959) state is open to experience , able to live existentially, is trusting in his or her own organism, experience feelings freely, acts sovereignly, is active and lives an enriched life, he is in the process of being and becoming himself. (p 192) Values exposed through person centred approach. The person centred point of view places high value on the experience of the individual human beings and or the importance of his or her subjective reality. It also challenges each person to accept responsibility of his or her own life, (Mearns et al. 1988). Rogers (1961) argues that the basic value in person centred approach is the conviction that personal experience is the highest authority.With all the problems and hardships being see in sub- Saharan Africa like the tribal clashes, sexual abuse, dro ught and hunger, poor governance, lack of medical expertise and medicines and many others which leads to introjections of other peoples value in order to gain positive regard. Problems posterior arise when they view these introjected values as their own. One goal of person centred approach is to reverse this pattern and help the client to select his or her own value (Thorne et al. 998). The coming into consciousness of the African Personality highlighted how African cultural values differed from those that were imposed upon them (Len-Holdstock, 2000). Person centred approach places the therapist in a paradoxical position, in that the therapist will never seek to guide the client to a particular value or gaol but to guide the client towards contact with his or her inner organismic self past from external value.In other book of account the therapist is actively trying to facilitate the clients movement from the outside world of the conditions of worth into the inner world of the organismic valuing process. (Van Kalmthout, 1995). The concept of self is also exposed as a value in person centred approach because according to Rogers (1951) an acute concept of self is of the essence(p) for healthy development. In addition, Covey, (1989) states that modern society is characterised by pervasive wars, genocide, exploitation and ordinary disenchantment, hence individuals are in struggle with an inner craving for growth and development.Markus and Kitayama (1991) argues that psychological merit of attending to the self, appreciation of others difference from others and importance of asserting to self. I do agree with theme in sense that person centred approach brings out the need of self awareness which Rowen (1983) says is a state of consciousness where we are genuinely open to listen on all the levels, thereof enabling one to become independent from others and discover and be able to channel ones unique attributes. Sub- Saharan countries people have suffered s o oft because of lack of awareness.In regard to the post election violence in Kenya two years ago, many got affected because they were not aware of repercussions of the violence to them and that they are used as a tool by our politicians, whom imposed their values on them hence acting on others values forgetting about their own values. Collier ( 1977 argues that Rogers boast of the essential equality of human beings claiming that every individual has the same forward moving bounty and capacity for happiness when one is true to one self.Effectiveness of person centred approach in sub-Saharan Africa Person centred approach mainly focuses on the well being of a person, mainly focussing on his personal feelings and being able to provide core conditions for a helping which in very vital because it encourages independence of a person, which African culture puts so some(prenominal) value in ones social connectedness. The growth of people in the African perspective as Owusun-Bempah and H owitt (2000) put it, is not individual, but it also involves the whole society and the wider aspects of such a society.The two add that the aim of the development of the self is the achievement of a truly social self through, the pure relations and the interdependence with others. Person centred approach do emphasise the autonomy of a client which in sub-Saharan Africa have sense of normal development where the individual becomes conscious of his own being, his duties, his privileges and responsible towards himself and toward others.An event is the case of human genocide that happened in Rwanda some years go, where their were ethical clashes amongst two tribes, but after the resultant the citizens later realised that what they were doing was not actual right but out of other people orders hence when truth and satisfaction commissioner was formed they had to be made aware of their actions and also made to take responsibility of their actions as well. Am mazed by the effectivenes s of this approach because it actual makes one come into reality of life and be able to see things in a different angle and all these he comes up with them without any education or being told what to do. This approach has enabled change, especially in the urban areas, however this is not to say that African traditional philosophy have been shelved. In essence, change as Shorter (1998) says may be radical but if seldom total. Clearly what we experience in Africa is popular and specifically in Kenya is radical transformations but with continuities.Conclusion In many ways. I have realised that person centred philosophical roots are useful in sub- Saharan Africa because it echoes and has echoes in many cultural and religious traditions. The concepts, language, practice attitudes of person centred approach are familiar in many ways. The other important things are, i have come to appreciate the effectivessness of the core conditions which are necessary and sufficient in our cultural cont ext. References Bozarth, J. and Temaner Brodley B. (1986). The core conditions and Theory of the person centred. clams Praegers.Corey, G. (2001). 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The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. In H. Kirschenbaum and V. L. Henderson (eds). The Carl Rogers Readers. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Purton, C. (1994). The deep structure of the Core conditions A Buddhistic Perspective. Austria Gmunden. Green, C. D. (2002). Signifant Aspects of Client- Centred Therapy. http//psychalysis. york. ca/Rogers/Therapy. html (accessed 18/02/02). Villas-Rose Bowen, M. 1984). spiritualty and Person Centerd Approach Interconnectedness in the Universe and Psychotherapy. Mexico Universal liberoamerican. Vanaerschot, G. (1990). The Process of Empathy memory and letting go. In Lietaer, G Rombauts, J. And Van Balen, R. (Eds)Clients- Centerd and Experiental Pstchotherapy in the nineties. Belgium Leuven University Press. Owusu- Bempah, K and Howitt, D. (2000). Psychology beyond Western Perspectives. Leicester BPS b ooks ( The British mental Society). Shorter, A. (1998). African Culture An overview. 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