Counsello

Kenya tie of Professional Counsellors School of talk over Studies MA IN COUNSELLING STUDIES Please encounter in all details and affix to e truly assignment you complete. Students NameDorcas Adoyo Mwinda Date of Submission thirtieth October 2009 Assignment (please tick appropriate box)1 2 mental faculty 1Exploration in guidance Module 2 sympathy in Counselling Module 3 Integration in Counselling Module 4 PracticumVideo EvaluationModule 5 Research Methods Module 6 harangue Title of Assignment The Appropriateness of soul centered barbel in sub-Saharan Africa Comments (please tick appropriate box) First interior(a) tester Second External ExaminerSecond familiar Examiner External Examiner Recommended pass onPercentageLevel (MA/PG Dip) Name of ExaminerElias Gikundi SignedDate TABLE OF confine TITLEPage No. Introduction2 What is unmarried centred Approach3 View of sympathetic nature3 congruence5 dogmatic Positive Regard6 empathetic Under endorseing(a)6 Concepts ex singler ateded in psyche- centred Approach7 Values exposed in person centred glide slope9 Effectiveness of some unitary Centred Approach in Sub-Saharan Africa11 Conclusion13 References14 INTRODUCTION Counselling has been perceived as an advice in umteen sub- Saharan Afri under organise countries and in addition the fact that there atomic number 18 umpteen way go wholenesss which argon apply it has veritable(a) change by reversal more than confusing for slew to understand. entirely due to different sleep withs we face in African countries like tribal clashes, destination difference of opinions, Poverty, political inst great power, racism, unemployment, HIV/AIDS and some separates charge was introduced from the western culture to impart healing to the concerned and infected people, and frankincense person centred come along was adopted because it assistances repugn with soulfulness aromaings, which would swear out the read still cover version to the surroundin g both literally and mentally. individual centred shape up is one among the some separate charge attackes used in sessions which I am sure that it is not well cognize in sub Saharan African.In this paper, I am acquittance to going to discuss on the relevance of person centred get along in sub- Saharan African and also examining in Kenyan concept. In summing up I shall give my finding on what I think or feel around the topic am writing ab expose. WHAT IS PERSON CENTRED APPROACH? person centred border on championed by Carl Rogers in the mid-thirties and 1940s. This approach assist thickenings to listen to their feelings and national voices and in doing so lymph nodes can nail to do better in their take in, (Nelson, 2001).Since we argon aw ar what it is all slightly fitly the question is how does it run benevolent creations? soak up OF HUMAN NATURE Rogers (1961) utters that person centred approach stare piece cosmoss as having the ability to steer the co urse of their lives, if offered in a relationship the core set aparts. Rogers (1967) also articulates that to be ego- importance which one is truly is, is more than an attain adequate to(p) goal of person centred therapy, save a key aspect in the dish out of becoming a in full procedure person.I do tick off with Rogers because, this therapy does not allow a lymph gland to talk or so others entirely brings the client to self-importance and mete outing with what is affect him or her now. In person centred approach forgiving nature is seen as introductoryally mixer so that human beings be by nature protective, caring, compassionate and understanding towards separately other, (Mearns et al. 1988). He argues that the dependence of human infants and interdepence of adults points in the akin direction as does the bunko game capacity to infer imaginatively the realise of others. agree to Bozarth et al. (1986) person centred approach has the view that all human beings scram at bottom them the innate capacity to grow towards their confess unique fulfilment (or to move towards self effectiveisation). I in person feel that condescension all ethnic impact on us, environmental factors and appreciate that are being imposed on us, we still encounter the drive towards self actualisation and also discover within ourselves the capacity of gain, and because whatever we do, we are the people who knows what is the right way and wrong for us further not others.Rogers (1951) emphasises that an accurate concept of self is critical for healthy ontogenesis, he stated that a long with a realistic self concept goes a realist perception of naturalism and situation in which the individual finds himself or herself in. ( Kirschenbaum et al, 1989). My contention is that the address of life as it is called by Rogers to be that self which one is truly is has been on philosophical minds for centuries and to check individuals are still wrestling with the ver y concept of being dependable to self.Corey (2001) underscores the same when he says that person centred therapy puts emphasis on concepts of openhandeddom, choice, set, in-person certificate of indebtedness, autonomy, purpose and meaning. Despite this approach emphasizing on individual mystifyment, in some sub Saharan African countries (Kenya being one of them) personal development is seen as selfish and importance is ethnic value of the common good to individuals.If we are to be more explicit about our culture, which is what we propose, it is important for the healer to be panoptical in terms of their value dodging or African view beliefs and standing in the community. This allows healers to be clear in and about their relationship with clients and offers the client the safeguard that the therapist is not a apart(p) remote or mystical approach pattern only if an accountable member of the community. psyche centred approach is perhaps the tho hypothesis to take pre dominately a good brute view of human nature.For Rogers the actual mark in humans is haughty and it only be return negative to the extent that it is blockade and frustrated by environmental factors. slice going finished the view of human nature by person centred surmise I realised that there are core conditions which are necessary in this approach which acts as guidance in counselling session. Like wise discolour (2002) suggests that the presence of core conditions in the remediation relationship can set in train a directional serve up towards being more true to one self. So what are these core conditions? CongruenceRogers (1961, pg 61) defined therapist congruence as by this we mean that the feelings the therapist is experiencing are available to him, available to his certainness and he is able to live these feelings a, be them and able to communicate them if appropriate . awareness involves the therapist awareness of their get culture and themselves in relation to it an d indeed to the populace. Congruence modifys a therapist to come to terms with their frame in indian lodge and the predicaments of life in relation to culture. It is useful in a session because it brings about self-reliance in a helping relationship.I bring in come to realise that being dependable does not demand that I be rigidly consistent barely be dependably real (Rogers 1990a, pg 19). from my produce in counselling I fuddle come to realise that congruence is imperative in a session because it makes it easier for a client to trust you. In Kenya there are forty cardinal tribes with different culture, tho still it will not foil the therapist to be congruent because a client only deficiencys trust and genuineness which makes them feel that they are I the right place and also they can get honest response from a counselor-at-law.Mearns et al. (1988) says that in the person centred approaches, congruence dissolves the mysteriousness of the counsellor , and as with other core conditions it has its grow and equivalence in other ethnical traditions as wisdom, mindfulness, nimble surrender ( Purton, 1994). irresponsible verificatory necessitate. Rogers describe this condition multifariously as unconditional acceptance, prizing, non- possessive, love and warmth. He adds that developmentally as humans, we nonplus a learn for unconditional positive dissemble and to have an internal self guard, (Rogers, 1959).Unconditional positive regard is important because it instantaneously sabotages such(prenominal) conditions of worth the counsellor value her client ir heedive of the client conformist to conditions. I feel it is important for therapist to be clear about their own culture, both their culture of origin and their stage culture and to be aware of the positive message about their culture featurely if the therapist themselves had problems in growing and growing within their own culture. Villas- Rose Bowen (1984) says that in exploitation mi litary positions on unconditional positive regard, then we need to consider regard for self, others and culture itself.Empathic understanding Empathic understandings Rogers mostly referred to it is to aesthesis the clients private humans as if it were your own, but without ever losing the as if quality, (Rogers, 1957). In my opinion, the as if condition as Rogers proposes it, in his 1959 definition of empathy must in the first place be understand as the stressing of the necessity of being incessantly aware that the experience and feeling that the therapist is stressful to live into, do take off in the client and not in the therapist. ( new wavederschot,1990 p. 290). personally think that empathy is the ability to stand very close to someone else to appreciate what it is like to be that other person in that other person in that other persons world. This never feels easy because it involves stepping out of your own frame flirts and trying to appreciate what it is to view ones c ulture by dint of their eyes rather than your own. Concepts exposed in person centred approach. According to Dardenne et al. (1989) potent person centred counsellors are people who leaven the intrinsic qualities of genuineness, non-possessiveness, warmth and empathy with the clients.Counsellors treat their clients with non-judgemental respect and hope to introduce practical slipway in which this can be achieved crosswise any ethnic divide. I do find it rather easy and slick when all those qualities mentioned above are utilize in session and you find that it even makes a client to feel free to share his experience without any fear. Person centred is a means of meshing the symbolised (or symbolising) incongruence of the client with the congruence of the therapist. It is not appropriate suffice for people who are merely privation to have education experience. Mearns et al. 2000). With different problems set about many sub- Saharan countries, people feel that they do need edu cation to help them curb their problems, but unlike other counselling approaches as psychodynamic and gestalt which bids education, person centred approach tends to differ. I do agree with Mearns because people do not only need education which they feel will enable them get out of the problems they are by-liner but person centred emphasis is on working with the person to help him deal with the problem. Rogers, 1959) adds that person centred therapy simply does not work with clients who are experiencing incongruence in their living and wanting to change that incongruence. Person centred approach requires a level of acceptance which enable therapists to embody themselves when clients attack them. I feel that this is passing vital because due to many problems that affect people in sub- Saharan Africa which in most cases have badly modify their experience in life, they tend to take up their anger and stresses, and even feeling to counsellors.The therapist should provide support to the affected clients and then the level of acceptance needs to be comfortablely robust to withstand the pang of relating to those who prove to be aggressive, demeaning or even contemptuous and hostile ( Mearns et al. 2000). According to Thorne (19910 person centred approaches start from the assumption that all(prenominal) living organism is driven by an actualising intention an instinctive reflecting the desire to grow, develop and enhance one capacities to the fullest ( actualisation ).Mearns and Thorne (2000) states that this process of self actualisation is fraught with complexity and anxiety because the organismic self as essentially trustworthy and a co-ordinated whole of experiencing conflict within the developing self concept of the individual which distorts or denies experiences into awareness as it is heavily helpless on positive regard fro others. And as Thorne (1991) argues that gradually we learn to see ourselves as others ignoring our own interior(a) experie ncing.I personally feel that one cannot get to self actualisation without struggle and taking manikin of my country Kenya, many people do live below the poverty line and are ready to do anything just to be able to cater his basic needs and therefore instead of direction in how to get out of the situation, he explores refuge from others and even try to written matter their lifestyle putting at the fundament of his mind what he is and thence ignoring our inner experience and views ourselves as others.Covey (1989) argues that in African society, we whitethorn have gained an marvelous degree of outward success but inwardly individuals have divorced themselves from the grow and valuing process in serving the structure of capitalist society. Therefore this approach enables a person to work with the enigmaticaler need to make rather than depending on others.Rogers was fundamentally an optimist about human potential, arguing that ideally the actualising tendency refers to self actu alisation where aspects of self and concepts are synonymous or congruent, ( Mearns and Thorne, 2000), this ideal human conditions is embroiled in the fully functioning persons who as Rogers ( 1959) state is open to experience , able to live existentially, is trusting in his or her own organism, experience feelings freely, acts sovereignly, is active and lives an enriched life, he is in the process of being and becoming himself. (p 192) Values exposed through person centred approach. The person centred point of view places high value on the experience of the individual human beings and or the importance of his or her subjective reality. It also challenges each person to accept responsibility of his or her own life, (Mearns et al. 1988). Rogers (1961) argues that the basic value in person centred approach is the conviction that personal experience is the highest authority.With all the problems and hardships being see in sub- Saharan Africa like the tribal clashes, sexual abuse, dro ught and hunger, poor governance, lack of medical expertise and medicines and many others which leads to introjections of other peoples value in order to gain positive regard. Problems posterior arise when they view these introjected values as their own. One goal of person centred approach is to reverse this pattern and help the client to select his or her own value (Thorne et al. 998). The coming into consciousness of the African Personality highlighted how African cultural values differed from those that were imposed upon them (Len-Holdstock, 2000). Person centred approach places the therapist in a paradoxical position, in that the therapist will never seek to guide the client to a particular value or gaol but to guide the client towards contact with his or her inner organismic self past from external value.In other book of account the therapist is actively trying to facilitate the clients movement from the outside world of the conditions of worth into the inner world of the organismic valuing process. (Van Kalmthout, 1995). The concept of self is also exposed as a value in person centred approach because according to Rogers (1951) an acute concept of self is of the essence(p) for healthy development. In addition, Covey, (1989) states that modern society is characterised by pervasive wars, genocide, exploitation and ordinary disenchantment, hence individuals are in struggle with an inner craving for growth and development.Markus and Kitayama (1991) argues that psychological merit of attending to the self, appreciation of others difference from others and importance of asserting to self. I do agree with theme in sense that person centred approach brings out the need of self awareness which Rowen (1983) says is a state of consciousness where we are genuinely open to listen on all the levels, thereof enabling one to become independent from others and discover and be able to channel ones unique attributes. Sub- Saharan countries people have suffered s o oft because of lack of awareness.In regard to the post election violence in Kenya two years ago, many got affected because they were not aware of repercussions of the violence to them and that they are used as a tool by our politicians, whom imposed their values on them hence acting on others values forgetting about their own values. Collier ( 1977 argues that Rogers boast of the essential equality of human beings claiming that every individual has the same forward moving bounty and capacity for happiness when one is true to one self.Effectiveness of person centred approach in sub-Saharan Africa Person centred approach mainly focuses on the well being of a person, mainly focussing on his personal feelings and being able to provide core conditions for a helping which in very vital because it encourages independence of a person, which African culture puts so some(prenominal) value in ones social connectedness. The growth of people in the African perspective as Owusun-Bempah and H owitt (2000) put it, is not individual, but it also involves the whole society and the wider aspects of such a society.The two add that the aim of the development of the self is the achievement of a truly social self through, the pure relations and the interdependence with others. Person centred approach do emphasise the autonomy of a client which in sub-Saharan Africa have sense of normal development where the individual becomes conscious of his own being, his duties, his privileges and responsible towards himself and toward others.An event is the case of human genocide that happened in Rwanda some years go, where their were ethical clashes amongst two tribes, but after the resultant the citizens later realised that what they were doing was not actual right but out of other people orders hence when truth and satisfaction commissioner was formed they had to be made aware of their actions and also made to take responsibility of their actions as well. Am mazed by the effectivenes s of this approach because it actual makes one come into reality of life and be able to see things in a different angle and all these he comes up with them without any education or being told what to do. This approach has enabled change, especially in the urban areas, however this is not to say that African traditional philosophy have been shelved. In essence, change as Shorter (1998) says may be radical but if seldom total. Clearly what we experience in Africa is popular and specifically in Kenya is radical transformations but with continuities.Conclusion In many ways. I have realised that person centred philosophical roots are useful in sub- Saharan Africa because it echoes and has echoes in many cultural and religious traditions. The concepts, language, practice attitudes of person centred approach are familiar in many ways. The other important things are, i have come to appreciate the effectivessness of the core conditions which are necessary and sufficient in our cultural cont ext. References Bozarth, J. and Temaner Brodley B. (1986). The core conditions and Theory of the person centred. clams Praegers.Corey, G. (2001). 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