How Could I Tell? - Personal Narrative Essay -- Papers

How Could I Tell? - Personal Narrative Im afraid you may neer have a desk job again. Employers prefer younger people They shouldnt - but they do. You must be more flexible. The man at the unemployment posture had looked embarrassed. Hed still got his job. Age for age, responsibility for responsibility. The job was the only difference between us.But it was a big difference. In a way I really at sea my desk. It was comfortable. It had been part of me for so many years. It had brought in money - just enough - to keep things going for just me and her. But now it was over. Chapter closed,Dumped. Did I care? For a while I cared a lot, yes, then less. Gradually the me that was defined by a desk gave way to a me that was free.The bills were overdue and there were ugly scenes. To be honest, I accepted the job that day just to show willing. Of course the pay was a joke - 10 in a day, if I was lucky. But, once I was out in the fresh air, somehow it just didn t seem to matter any more. The world seemed full of possibilities unexplained, undecided and only just round the corner. The state air felt fresh in my lungs, the sun beamed down and my whole body tingled with anticipation. I had not felt so good for years. The heavy al-Qaeda on my unfit shoulders seemed light as a feather. The twisting country route stretched out in front of me with its high hedge bordering with a howler monkey of white foxgloves and sweet scented creamy honeysuckle. Songs from hidden birds in the hedgerow crowded the country air, lifting me up, leading me on. Just a small country lane - but for me it held the promise of new and better futures. Each stride pushe... ... link that had grown so quickly between this lady, her mountains and myself was much stronger and ultimately irresistible. I reached up and enclosing her face between my two hands, drew her down to return her kiss. In a small part of my consciousness, I felt the cold ness of the mountains let to return. Her breathing was shallow and slowly, with gentle tenderness, our bodies moulded together. But still how was i to tell her about the job,or rather no job. Whilst wrapped in her warm hand with her chromatic sent creeping up her body into my nostrils i recalled the wrathe of the words said by the man at the unemploymet office,as they seemed to run circles in my head. Im afraid you may never have a desk job again. Employers prefer younger people They shouldnt - but they do. You must be more flexible.

Abortion Pill Essay -- essays papers

Abortion Pill1.Problem Statement Approval of the abortion pill RU-486, likewise recognized as mifepristone, has put abortion back into the spotlight. This has stirred up controversial come outs of reproductive rights in America, and a growing concern for the potential impress of RU-486 on the well being of our societys morals and values. 2.Facts and AnalysisA Brief History Mifepristone, formerly known as RU-486, provides women with a medical alternative to surgical abortion. Mifepristone is an antiprogesterone drug that blocks receptors of progesterone, a key hormone in the establishment and chief(prenominal)tenance of human gestation. Mifepristone induces spontaneous abortion when administered in early pregnancy and followed by a dose of misoprostol, a prostaglandin. Researchers have discovered many potential uses for mifepristone beyond pregnancy termination. Uses include treatment of breast offercer, Cushings syndrome, endometriosis, glaucoma, meningioma, ova rian cancer, prostate cancer, uterine fibroids, and the induction of labor. In very low doses, mifepristone may even be utilise to prevent pregnancy as a method of emergency contraception within. In higher doses, of course, it can be used to terminate pregnancy. Other existing emergency contraception cannot be used to terminate pregnancy because they are not abortifacients. Mifepristone offers women another choice for abortion. It causes a miscarriage and can be used earlier than surgical abortion. aesculapian abortion is totally non invasive, meaning theres no surgery, and no anesthesia is necessary. Like everything in life, there are some down sides to the use of RU-486. One can assume that it will make abortion easier and more available for a lot of women. However, mifepristone doesnt get rid of all of the discomfort that can go along with an abortion. Similar to a miscarriage, it can cause side effects including nausea, vomiting, bleeding, and heavy cramping. If the pills dont work, a surgical abortion will be necessary. Unintentional pregnancies statistically bring a host of economic, emotional, and physical ills to mother and baby. About half of the unintended pregnancies in Washington State are aborted, according to the state subdivision of Health. That rate is consistent with the rest of the US. Even though there is a demand for abortion providers, man... ...hese questions. The number of abortions that result in the approval of RU-486 shouldnt be our main concern. If there is a reason to be concerned, it should be on the ethical and moral issues that stem from the reproductive rights of women in America. Without question, abortion is an extremely controversial issue in todays society. However, the different attitudes of abortion activists are more important factors than that which involve the actual abortion procedure. The focal issue of this paper is not to evaluate whether or not abortion should be legal, but rather the q uestion of RU-486 being legal - and readily available. If women have been granted the choice to terminate a pregnancy, thus RU-486 simply provides them with a choice on the procedure they prefer to use. The approval of RU-486 will not vastly impact the landscape of abortion in America. though nearly every individual in America has a personal opinion on abortion rights, abortion remains an issue between a woman, her creator and her physician. As long as abortion is legal, women will now have RU-486 as an option when making the choice that is best for them.Bibliographywww.findit.com

Platos The Allegory of the Cave Essay -- Plato Allegory Cave Essays

Platos The Allegory of the Cave In Platos The Allegory of the Cave, he suggests that there are two different forms of vision, a bear in minds nub and a physical bosom. The bodily eye is a metaphor for the senses. While inside the cave, the prisoners function only with this eye. The minds eye is a higher level of thinking, and is mobilized only when the prisoner is released into the outside world. This eye does not exist within the cave it only exists in the true(a), perfect world.The bodily eye relies on sensory perceptions about the world in order to determine what is reality. Metaphorically speaking, the cave is a physical world filled with progressive tense images. This world is filled with distorted images about reality. Inside the cave, the prisoners believe that the shadows they see on the wall are actual reality. Their bodily eye tells them that this world is real because their senses perceive so. Plato suggests that the senses do not perceive actual truth.The minds eye is not active inside the cave because the prisoners are imprisoned in this distorted world, which they believe is reality. When one prisoner is pulled out of the cave and into the light, it is this sudden freedom that starts the gradual process of enlightenment. This sudden freedom opens the minds eye. The prisoner will be able to see the sun, and not mere reflections of him in the water, but he will see him in his own appropriate place, and not in another and he will contemplate him as h...

Essay --

The novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a simplistic view of life in the Deep South of America in the 1930s. An innocent but humorous stance in the story is through the eyeball of pale and Jem Finch. Scout is a young adolescent who is growing up with the controversy that surrounds her fathers lawsuit. Her father, Atticus Finch is a lawyer who is defending a black man, tom turkey Robinson, with the charge of raping a white girl. The lives of the characters are changed by racism and this is the force that develops during the course of the narrative. As previously mentioned, the point of view in this narrative is from Scout. Her reproduction has been respectful to the African-Americans in her society and she shows this with her relationship with her maid, Calpurnia. Other children her age have adopted their parents racially prejudice views, causing her of many problems. Atticuss lawsuit seems to isolate his children and Scout is taunted with remarks in the playground. Her only retort is violence and Atticus, as an virtuous father, does not condone this behaviour either My fist...

Analysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa Cather Essay -- Lucy Gayheart Willa

Analysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa CatherLucy Gayheart is a puppyish, spirited, intelligent music student from Havorford, on the South Platte River. In the winters, she attends a conservatory in Chicago, under the tutelage of Professor Auerbach. In Chicago, she lives in a room above a German bakery, where she takes her breakfasts and suppers. These small quarters do non distress her indeed, she craves the solitude of her own will, her own piano, her own bed. She walks hungrily through Chicago, her appetite for life never disappointed by the thriving midwestern metropolis. She is beautiful, she is talented, and her young heart has never been broke. The year is 1901. At some point in everyones life, you meet someone whom you think can lift you beyond where you are, to a do where you al... Analysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa Cather Essay -- Lucy Gayheart WillaAnalysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa CatherLucy Gayheart is a young, spirited, intelligent music student from Ha vorford, on the South Platte River. In the winters, she attends a conservatory in Chicago, under the tutelage of Professor Auerbach. In Chicago, she lives in a room above a German bakery, where she takes her breakfasts and suppers. These small quarters do not distress her indeed, she craves the solitude of her own will, her own piano, her own bed. She walks hungrily through Chicago, her appetite for life never disappointed by the thriving midwestern metropolis. She is beautiful, she is talented, and her young heart has never been broke. The year is 1901. At some point in everyones life, you meet someone whom you think can lift you beyond where you are, to a place where you al...

Analysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa Cather Essay -- Lucy Gayheart Willa

Analysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa CatherLucy Gayheart is a young, spirited, intelligent music student from Havorford, on the South Platte River. In the winters, she attends a conservatory in Chicago, on a lower floor the care of Professor Auerbach. In Chicago, she lives in a room above a German bakery, where she takes her breakfasts and suppers. These small quarters do not distress her indeed, she craves the purdah of her consume will, her own piano, her own bed. She walks hungrily through Chicago, her appetite for life neer disappointed by the thriving midwestern metropolis. She is beautiful, she is talented, and her young heart has never been broke. The grade is 1901. At some point in everyones life, you meet someone whom you think can lift you beyond where you are, to a place where you al... Analysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa Cather Essay -- Lucy Gayheart WillaAnalysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa CatherLucy Gayheart is a young, spirited, intelligent music stude nt from Havorford, on the South Platte River. In the winters, she attends a conservatory in Chicago, under the tutelage of Professor Auerbach. In Chicago, she lives in a room above a German bakery, where she takes her breakfasts and suppers. These small quarters do not distress her indeed, she craves the solitude of her own will, her own piano, her own bed. She walks hungrily through Chicago, her appetite for life never disappointed by the thriving midwestern metropolis. She is beautiful, she is talented, and her young heart has never been broke. The year is 1901. At some point in everyones life, you meet someone whom you think can lift you beyond where you are, to a place where you al...

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

i) What dresss pelvic inflammatory disease and what happens to the body when someone gets it? Pelvic In?ammatory Disease (PID) occurs when an infection of the cervix, or to a lesser extent the vagina progresses into the upper genital brochure, PRODIGY (2005). W bell (2003) de?nes an infection as an invasion of the body by calumniatory organisms (or pathogens) such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa or viruses. In the elusion of PID the two intimately common causes of the initial infection are the bacterium Chlamydia Trachomatis or Neisseria Gonnorhoeae.These two bacteria are most commonly referred to as the sexually transmitted infections (STIs) chlamydia and gonnorhea and are commonly passed through unprotected vaginal intercourse. Both infections present similarly, as in?ammations of the cervix and urethra with the associated symptoms of pain in the neck on urination and vaginal discharge. Some infected women however experience no symptoms (Caroline, 2008). Prodigy (2005) discuss es how cervical mucus provides a relative barrier to the spread head of the pathogens and the associated infections, but vi ordernt microbes can traverse cervical mucus, which in any case, is lost during menses.Other factors that may in?uence the spread of bacteria up the genital tract are, pregnancy terminations and the complications arising from dilatation and currettage. Wyatt (2003), discusses, in reference to PID, how once an infection spreads beyond the cervix it can present in various regions of the genital tract uterus (endometritis), fallopian tubes (salpingitis), ovaries (oophoritis), peritoneum ( peritonitis). The assocaited infections/in?ammations can cause various symptoms Pelvic or lower abdominal pain.Dyspareunia (pain during or after intercourse) Turbo-ovarian abscesses Abnormal vaginal discharge Pelvic peritonitis Perihepatitis (in?ammation of the peritoneum attached to the liver) The severity ranges from chronic low grade infection (with relatively mild symptoms) to acute infection (with severe symptoms) which may result in abscess formation. Salpingitis, or infection of the Fallopian tubes, is a particularly signi?cant feature of PID because of the long term cause after PID including infertility, ectopic pregnancy and pelvic pain.0% of women germinate tubal infertility after a single episode, 20% after a second and 40% after three episodes (Prodigy, 2005). In summary PID is a collective term that encompasses a variety of infections of the upper female genital tract. ii) what investigations are considered at hospital and what medications might be prescribed? Warrell (2003), states that in that location is no symptom, clinical sign, or labratory result that is is pathognomonic (exclusive/unique) in the testing and subsequent diagnosis of PID.The hospital will because use a variety of investigations to rule out the likelihood of opposite diagnosis and allow the most appropriate discourse for cases of suspected PID. Wyatt (2003), advises Accident and Emergency (A&E) staff to ?rst consider whether a patient of is presenting with any signs/symptoms of shock. If the infection has progressed and there are indications of sceptic or hypovalaemic shock such as tachycardia, pyrexia and assocaited blood pressure abnormalities then the initial treatment is to raise the patients legs, resuscitate with IV ?uids and immediately deject IV broad spectrum antibiotics.Sanders (2006) advises other routine tests to avail with the differential dianosis for PID which embroil appendicitis, endometriosis, ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy, other STIs, HIV, urinary tract infection. These tests include Urinalysis which can to help diagnose and/or rule out the presence of a UTI. A vaginal swab picks up a sample of cells from the vagina which are usually sent to a laboratory for testing. A full blood count (FBC) tests the levels of red cells, white cells and platelets.Abnormalities in these readings can help differentiate amidst the pre sence of bacterial or viral infections and/or parasitic/fungal infections. snag tests are limited in that they do not distinguish what has gone before from what is happening now however they can pick up HIV, hepatitis B and C, herpes virus and chlamydia. Wyatt (2003) also advises that a pregnancy test is needed and if positive, an ectopic pregnancy or other pregnancy complication must be considered. If the ectopic test is negative Ultrasound or endometrial biopsy examined for plasma cells is useful to increases the accuracy of diagnosis.Where symptoms are severe or if initial treatment is undone a laparoscomy may be considered (Simpson, 2005). Here a rigid viewing instrument called a laparoscope is used to view the inside of the pelvis and the abdomen through small abdominal incisions. The procedure is always performed under a general anasthetic. Among 814 women who underwent laparoscopy because of a clinical diagnosis of PID, 12 per cent had intra-abdominal conditions other than PID ectopic pregnancy, appendicitis, ruptured ovarian cysts, and endometriosis (Prodigy, 2005).Medications are aimed at eradicating gonorrhea and chlamydia and recommended antibiotics include O?oxacin, Doxycycline and Metronidazole. Ibuprofen is a reccommended analgesia however the choice of analgesia and which route should be steer by clinicla judgement, Prodigy (2005). iii) Discuss Legal (authorised/permitted by law), Ethical (the philosphy of good/bad, right/wrong determined by our cultural/religious and philosophical beliefs) and capacitor (the power to learn or retain knowledge to understand the facts and signi?cance of your behaviour) issues surrounding Lizzys views and those of her mother.A signi?cant factor in Lizzys case is whether she has capacity. Capacity is de?ned as the power to learn or retain knowledge, and to understand the facts and signi?cance of your behavior (Gillick, 1986). Assessing whether Lizzy has capacity places a responsibility on the practitioner to pr ovide her with suf?cient information to inform her amply of the clinical importance of seeking immediate treatment. Then assessing whether she understands the risks involved and also if she is able to retain the knowledge long enough to make an effective close.In the case of Gillick, the court held that children who have suf?cient understanding and intelligence to enable them to understand fully what is involved in a proposed intervention will also have the capacity to consent to that intervention. This is sometimes described as being Gillick competent. A child of under 16 may be Gillick competent to consent to medical checkup treatment that requires their consent.If Lizzy is deemed Gillick competent and is able to give voluntary consent after receiving appropriate information, that consent will be valid and additional consent by a person with parental responsibility will not be required. It is, however, good practice to involve Lizzys family in the decision-making process, if sh e consents to her information being shared, do (2009). Another challenge arises as Lizzy states her reason for not consenting to travel to hospital is that she is scared her parents will ?nd out about her sexual act and drug abuse.When assessing capacity you should also ascertain if the patient is free from external pressure to make their own decision? In Lizzys case this appears in doubt as she has previously stated that she feels pressured by her mother. There is therefore an argument that Lizzy does not have capacity in these circumstances. There is also speci?c legislation on how to act when there is an issue of contraception , or sexual health in relation to children Here it is advised that we should try to expect Lizzy to inform her parents, or allow us to do so.If however she cannot be persuaded, advice and/or treatment should still be given if it is considered that Lizzy is very credibly to begin or continue to have sexual intercourse with or without advice or treatmen t, and that unless she receives the advice or treatment then her physical or mental health is likely to suffer. This is very relevant in Lizzys case and poses an ethical question on whether or not to respect Lizzys request of con?dentiality between her parents.Each of these possibilities will challenge the practitioner and whilst it is essential that the law is followed it is important to adopt a dynamic approach to Lizzys situation and not forget that in the long run it is Lizzys ongoing health that is the priority in this situation. iv) discuss the psychological (affecting the mind) and/or social (living with others as oppose to in isolation arriveing relationships) effects of peer pressure (social pressure by members of ones peer group to adopt certain values to conform or to be accepted) in relation to pocket-sized alcohol abuse.Since 1990 the amount of alcohol consumed by 11 to 15 year olds who drink has doubled and there has been increases in the numbers of children admi tted to hospital as a direct result of their alcohol consumption. Early age of starting drinking is associated with higher trends of alcohol dependence in adulthood and a wider range of other adverse consequences (Donaldson, 2009). Peers play an important role in the onset of drinking behaviours. The effect of peers has been shown to be particularly powerful when parent adolescent relationships are poorer in quality (Donaldson, 2009).Kroger (2000) identi?es that Lizzy is at the stage of her childhood development where she is asking herself, Who am I? Here adolescents establish sexual, political and locomote identities and/or may be confused about what roles to play. Identity crises can create storm and stress for the young person. Sociological theory suggest that changes within social roles cause con?ict, e. g. girlfriend and daughter, schoolgirl and work experience. In addition mass media and peers can cause con?icting values for this age a factor that may be affecting Lizzy evid enced by the posters on her bedroom wall.It can be a very dif?cult time for the young person going through this stage of development. Studies such as Adams et al (1994) have found that adolescents report an increase in the importance of peers in adolescence. The proportion of time spent with peers correspondingly increases. Peer relationships also become more intimate than those of preadolescence, with a new focus on sharing secrets and disclosing feelings. Peer groups assume particular importance.Although Lizzys alcohol consumption is a concern it could be argued that this is an essential stage in development and here adolescents will begin to question whether their relationships are bene?cial or not. It is therefore possible that Lizzys drinking is temporary and her self realization of its effects on her life play an important part in how she develops relationships later in her life. v) discuss the advice you would offer promoting the health (action to maintain the best possible h ealth and quality of life) of Lizzy considering all the various aspects of this presentation for her future intimately being.Ambulance services in the United Kingdom are being compelled to move away from being a relatively uncomplicated patient transport organisation towards becoming part of a fully integrated, national healthcare service offering a holistic approach to patient care (DoH 2005, Ball 2005). wellness promotion is the process of enabling mass to increases control over, and to improve their health and heir-in health is de?ned as a state of complete physical, mental and social welfare (WHO, 1986).The ?rst action to address Lizzys health would be to ensure that Lizzy attends hospital. There is evidence from her observations that Lizzy could eventually enter into sceptic shock, which is potentially life threatening therefore this should be the ?rst priority above all other health promotion considerations. If it was unable to ensure this at the scene then Clincial teleph one Advice desk should be contacted on with a Duty Station Of?cer and consideration to contacting Lizzys GP. Health Education is a process with intellectual, psychological nd social dimensions relating to activities that increase the abilities of people to make informed decisions affecting their personal, family and community well-being.This process, based on scienti?c principles, facilitates learning and behavioral change in both health and personnel and consumers, including children and spring chicken (Ross, 1997). Of the three different methods of health education (Coercion, Persuasion or health empowerment) empowerment focuses on developing decision-making skills and the con?dence to bring about change the decision on which health actions to adopt is the decision of the practioner.However Lizzy could potentially bene?t more from being given the tools to help herself in this situation and help develop the know-how to help herself at this critical stage of her adolescent develop ment (Hubley, 2008). This is reinforced in the DOH (2006) paper (with relation to year groups 10 to 11 ((14-16 year olds)) pupils develop self awareness and con?dence needed for adult life, further learning and work. They have opportunities to show that they can take responsibility for their own learning and career choices by setting personal targets and planning to meet them.They develop their ability to weigh up alternative courses of action for health and wellbeing (DOH, 2006). The National prove for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has recommended that offering brief, one-to-one advice on the harmful effects of alcohol use, how to reduce the risks and how to ?nd sources of support is an effective approach for tackling harmful drinking among children and young people (Donaldson, 2009). Lizzy should be informed that contraceptive use in?uences PID rates. Barrier contraception reduces the risk of PID by preventing the learnedness of chlamydia and gonorrhea.Lizzy has used con doms however it is likely that she acquired PID on the occasions where she failed to use them (Prodigy, 2005). Another useful approach with considerable potential is that of information shops. These provide health promotion on an informal drop-in basis from accessible loctions in high streets and communities (Hubley, 2008). Lizzy should be encouraged to improve her attendance at school The contribution of schools to national health education and health are mutually reinforcing. Education and learning promote health literacy and an increased capacity to make informed decisions on health matters.A healthy child has a greater potential to bene?t from education than one who has poor health and misses schooling. Health promotion in education settings bene?ts cosmos health in three ways bene?ting directly the health of the child, promoting future health by providing the necessary understanding, skills values and competencies that they can use in later life, bene?ting the health of the c ommunity through the transfer of knowledge and skills from the school back into the home place and community (St Leger, 2001).

Because I could Not Stop for Death values

Because I Could Not Stop For Death Emily Dickinson During the start of the realist movement, Emily Dickinson wrote Because I could Not Stop for Death, questioning the common values of religion and eternity. The poetry, at first, looks to be roughly the eternal afterlife, but with closer inspection of the language, (i. e. Surmised is a word of uncertainty) we find that she is actually not certain(p) slightly the eternity of afterlife and all it entails. The 19th century was the beginning of a new era. Science and religion were beginning to intersect and to ome, clash.Dickinsons poem, in a way, is a direct comparison of this battle, as she is obviously struggling with idea of eternity and the traditional belief of the afterlife being heaven or hell. Dickinson uses naive realism in this poem by speaking of the reality of death, an event every living thing will experience, while using symbolism and personification. Death is personified as a gentleman who is gently taking her on a ca rriage ride. The first two lines, Because I could not stop for Death/He benevolent stopped for me-(Dickinson, Line -2) symbolizes that the narrator has died but not on her own terms.She was not prep atomic number 18d for death, but Death kindly stopped for her. Dickinson personifies death, but is talking about the actual event of dying. Unlike the common fear among society of death, this Journey is calm and peaceful He knew no haste (Dickinson, Line 5) and For His Civility (Dickinson Line 8) are phrases used to describe the gentle nature of death. On her Journey, she take a hops the stages of her life. We passed the School, where Children strove (Dickinson,line 9) represents her childhood or youth.We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain (Dickinson,line 1 1) represents the maturity of adulthood, and We passed the Setting Sun (Dickinson, line 12) represents the end. all of these events are common to everyone childhood, adulthood, and death. Carol Frost writes, There are no lectures an d no overt theological speculations . Hidden under the symbolism, lies only the process of dying. The poem questions the traditional values of religion and the beliefs that after death, comes eternity in a heavenly paradise.She is not accompanied by angels, here is no light prima(p) to eternity, or visions of God reaching out his hands to embrace ner returning soul. Her actual beliets are unclear, but sne was clearly not unearthly. Emily Dickenson lived in a conviction defined by the struggle to reconcile traditional Christian beliefs with newly emerging scientific concepts, the most influential being Darwinism. Dickinsons struggles with faith and doubt reflect her societys diverse perceptions of God, nature, and humankind. (The Church). The scene as she comes closer to her destination is slowly getting dark and cold.We passed the Setting Sun/Or rather-He passed US and The Dews drew quivering and quiver (Dickinson, lines 12-14) represent the leaving of the physical world and e ntering a dreary existence. At first, death was kind and now hes lured her into the darkness. A common belief among religious people is that when one dies, they enter a euphoric afterlife. As she reflects on the day of her death, she says, Since then-tis Centuries- and yet/Feels shorter than the day/ first surmised the Horses Heads/Were toward Eternity-(Dickinson, lines 21-24).Dickinson gives no clear answer about her existence after death, but by the tone, she does not appear to be in a magical place. She also leaves the answer open to the readers imagination by saying the centuries seemed shorter than the day she assumed she was going towards eternity. The 19th century introduced the ideology that mankinds humans had scientific explanations, and the beginning of the realist movement. These events mixed with Dickinsons already formed skepticism, resulted in the creation of, Because I Could Not Stop for Death.

Autonomous Cars Essay

Imagine a world where you can get in your railway railway car without the nettle of driving alongside drunks and teenagers. The once fictional dream of riding a device driverless car is now becoming a reality, with galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) large companies including Mercedes-Benz, Toyota, BMW, Audi, and Google, currently place in the development of this contraption. What is a driverless (or autonomous) car? It is an automobile run by an autopilot that allows passengers to travel safely and quickly to their destination with minimal to no worldity control. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) predicts that by the year 2040, our roads allow for be populated with autonomous vehicles, with up to 75% of all cars being driverless (Newcomb, 2012). As human civilization advances technologically on a daily basis, we be becoming less dependent on great deal and more dependent on robots, which many view as positive. Self-driving cars are a step in the rig ht direction for society, and ought to become available to the reality as soon as practical for a more efficient and secure driving experience.The primary concern with transportation is safety hence the most obvious and largest benefit to the replacement of habitue cars with self-driving cars is the decrease in traffic collisions. Ninety percent of our road accidents are related to bad driving behavior driving recklessly and speeding to a lower place the influence of alcohol, changing lanes without signaling, driving on the hard shoulder and passing through red lights. -Lt Gen Dahi Khalfan Commander in chief of the Dubai Police (Olarte, 2011). The majority of car crashes are ca hired by human errors, and if this proposition is implemented, the follow of fatalities due to car accidents per year result dramatically plummet. In 2012, a Google driverless car had driven oer 300,000 miles, with only two accidents being reported, both of which had been a humans fault (Ermson, 2012). A utonomous cars provide have quicker reflexes than humans, make more dependable judgments and will not commit silly mistakes such as texting whilst driving. As a collateral for reducing accidents, this basis could theoretically also save the establishment trillions of dollars each year.A major issue for drivers today is congestion. Picture Sheikh Zayed road at 6 AM on a weekday. When a car brakes, the driver behind takes a couple of seconds to react and stop. Nowthis goes on and on, causing heavy traffic and wasting everyones irreplaceable time. Autonomous cars are expected to have a completely revamped traffic system, one lacking traffic lights and stop signs. Vehicles will be capable of communicating with each other(a) by transferring crucial information via sensors, allowing them to predict their expected positions, minimizing the spaces between them. With the small distances between cars and the non-stop flow of traffic, a substantial amount of time will be saved during trip s and congestion will be considerably alleviated. Another burden to be lifted off of societys shoulders is the expense of owning a car. A new public transport system that operates entirely on driverless cars could be put into service.Hence possessing your own in-person autonomous vehicle will be unnecessary and costly because the time wasted in a parking spot could be utilized to transport other individuals, and a subscription to a public transport system is a much cheaper alternative. Autonomous vehicles will also save owners insurance money because as the rate of incidents drops, vehicle insurance will be viewed as optional rather than obligatory. In addition, this innovation will save the costumer fuel money by reducing the frequency of braking and acceleration, which has an perverse effect on fuel consumption. As expected with a very technologically advanced piece of machinery, when autonomous cars first hit the market they will not be affordable for everyone. But assumption enough time, the prices will go down and self-driving cars will slowly moreover surely replace symmetrical cars. A while after the integration of this technology into our daily lives, there will be an inevitable loss of driving related jobs. But as the saying goes, when one door closes another opens, and these robots arent going to build themselves.The immediate effect will undoubtedly lead to a loss of jobs, but with the success of the production, in the long term new jobs will appear and consequently completely fresh industries as well. With this huge development in electronics, admittedly garage mechanics and taxi drivers might struggle with income, but software engineers and programmers are going to be in demand more than ever, and thus economic balance is restored. Now I know what youre thinking, isnt that unjust to those who are unable of attaining academic degrees? At first, maybe. But I believe that given enough time, the criteria required for intelligence and informatio n based jobs will become less constricted. This is because the advances in softwareprogramming and other similar areas of expertise will make related jobs uncomplicated. There are countless examples of such occurrences in history, a notable one being the industrial revolution. Just like today, people back then were also worried about losing their occupations to machinery. But the introduction of steam engines and the replacement of physical labor with machine work pushed farmers towards other professions that were themselves created by the new technology, and thus there was an unprecedented blossoming in the economy.All the benefits I have mentioned, the unparalleled road safety, the smooth and quick ride, the low expenses and many more outweigh the very scarce negatives. Self-driving cars will revolutionize the auto-indus canvass and will be a turning point in our lives. Soon enough driver licenses will cease to exist, and elderly people, children, and handicapped persons will no l onger struggle with land transportation. The Earth Institute of Columbia University predicts a cutback in the number of cars on the road in the US by a factor of 10 (Burns, Jordan & Scarborough, 2013). Four states in the US have already authorized the use of autonomous vehicles (Kelly, 2012), and for the good of all, I believe the rest of the world should follow suit. What can we do to create shared prosperity? The answer is not to try to slow down technology. Instead of racing against the machine, we need to learn to race with the machine (Brynjolfsson, 2013).ReferencesBrynjolfsson, E. (Performer) (2013). Eric brynjolfsson The key to growth? race with the machines Theater. Available fromhttp//www.ted.com/talks/erik_brynjolfsson_the_key_to_growth_race_em_with_em_the_ machines?quote=2137Burns, L. D., Jordan, W. C., & Scarborough, B. A. (2013). Transforming personal mobility. Manuscript submitted for publication, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, Retrieved fromh ttp//sustainablemobility.ei.columbia.edu/files/2012/12/Transforming-Personal- Mobility-Jan-27-20132.pdfErmson, C. (2012, August 7). Retrieved from http//googleblog.blogspot.ae/2012/08/the-self- driving-car-logs-more-miles-on.htmlKelly , H. (2012, October 30). Self-driving cars now legal in California. CNN. Retrieved from http//edition.cnn.com/2012/09/25/tech/innovation/self-driving-car-california/index.htmlOlarte, O. (2011, April). Human error accounts for 90% of road accidents. Alertdriving, Retrieved from http//www.alertdriving.com/home/fleet-alert-magazine/international/human-error-accounts-90-road-accidentsNewcomb, D. (2012, September 18). You wont need a drivers license by 2040. CNN. Retrieved from http//edition.cnn.com/2012/09/18/tech/innovation/ieee-2040-cars/

Bus Frequency Determination Using Passenger Count Data

Tmnspn. RcsA Vol. 18A. No. 516. pi. 439153. Printed m ths U. S. A. 1984 0191-260781 s3. 3+m Pcr&mon Rss Ld. BUS FREQUENCY DETERMINATION PASSENGER keep down DATA Department USING of Civil Engineering, Transportation Research Institute, Tcchnion-Israel Technology, Haifa, Israel (Received 21 February 1983 in revised crop 5 December 1983) Institute of Abstract-The importance of dunrship entropy has led transportation body properties to increase the amount of manually collected information or alternatively to introduce automated surveillance techniques.Naturally, the passenger car operators be judge to gain effective information for operations planning by obtaining more accurate passenger figures. This paper describes and analyzes several appropriate information collection approaches for the muckle operator in rig to set the mound frequencies/ dynamic headrooms efficiently. Four divers(prenominal) regularity actings atomic public figure 18 presented to derive the bu s frequency ii ar establish on demo squ atomic number 18 up (maximum stretch bring out) information and two propose the use of ride check ( adulterate indite) data.A ride check provides more comp permite information than a full point check, but at a greater cost, and there is a question as to whether the spare information gained justifies the expense. Based on available old pens, the quaternion regularitys provide the bus scheduler with adequate guidance in selecting the type of data collection procedure. In addition, the scheduler nominate evaluate the tokenish expected bus runs when the stretch along standard is released and avoid overcrowding (in an add up sense) at the same sequence.Alternative clocktables are also investigated in conjunction with minimizing the required bus runs and number of buses for a single lane. In this government agency, the derived headways can be analyzed within an acceptable range plot of g roughly considering the possible chan ges incurred indirectly to the flash size. The integration amidst resource. saving and frequency role procedures al pitifuls the schedulers performance to be improved. 1. IN7RODUCIION AND ORJECTIVES It is well known that transit demand varies systematically by season, day-of-the-week, duration of day, location and direction of spark.However, the absence of accurate data on travel patterns at the route take has made it impossible to deploy transit resources to match these variations and thus to increase the efficiency of system operation. correct ridership information is needed for transit planning and scheduling and also to comply with external reporting requirements (e. g. Section 15 of the U. S. Urban Mass Transportation Act). Consequently, roughly transit operators have started to use automatic passenger counters while others are adding more checkers to collect the data manually.The primary objective of passenger counts, from the transit operators viewpoint, is to set veh icle frequencies/headways efficiently on separately route. Other uses of ridership information are in revenue estimation and measurement of fighting(a) patronage trends. The topic intercommunicate in this paper is two-fold. The prime(prenominal) segment involves the setting of bus frequencies in order to maintain adequate service musical n whiz and minimize the number of buses required by the schedule. The game is an evaluation tool to efficiently allocate the cost for gathering appropriate passenger load data at the route level.It is common to al more or less all bus operators worldwide for load profile information along the entire iThis study was written while the author was in 1982 at the Transportation Systems Center (IX), Cambridge, Massachusetts, U. S. A. TSC Support is gratefully acknowledged. 439 length of the bus route (ride check) to be gathered annually or both few years. Usually the most recent passenger load information will be at one or more selected moderates along the route where the bus carries its heaviest tons (point check).A ride check provides more complete information than a point check, but is more expensive because either additional checkers are needed to provide the required data or an automated surveillance system is utilise. There is a question as to whether the additional information gained justifies the expense. The objective of this study is to explore the way in which a bus operator can use the old profile to determine whether the ride check order or the point check method is appropriate in collecting the new data. This paper attempts to achieve this objective through third major parts.First, a brief review is introduced, and thereafter four different methods are presented to derive the bus frequency two are based on point check (max load) data and two propose the use of ride check (load profile) data. Second, a preliminary criterion is established for determining the appropriateness of individually of the data coll ection methods. Third, in order to complete the evaluation of the point check and ride check methods, altemative timetables are derived along with consideration of the minimum expire size at the route level. 2. POINT CHECK (MAX LOAD) AND RIDE CHECK (LOAD PROFILE) METHODS . 1 Review Generally, bus operators organize ride check surveys routinely at time intervals greater than or equal to one year and update their point check information 40 AVISHAI CEDER where P, is the middling (over days) maximum number of passengers (max load) find on-board in period j, c equals the capacity of a bus (number of seats plus the maximum allowable standees), and yj is the load factor during period j, 0 1. 0. For convenience, let us refer to the intersection y,c as d,, the craved occupancy on the bus at period j. The standard yi can be set so that 4. s equal to a desired fraction of the capacity (e. g. d, = number of seats). It is worth noting here that if P, is based on a series of measurements, one can take its variability into account. If the stochastic data allow, this can be done, for example, by replacing the average measure in eqn (I) with P, + bZj where b is a predetermined ageless and Z, is the standard deviation associated with P,. The max load data is usually collected by a trained observer who stands and counts at the bus allow believed to be located at the beginning of the max load section(s).This stop has usually been determined from old ride check data or from information presumption by a mobile supervisor. Often, these observers are told to count at whole one stop during the whole day instead of moving to a different max load point at every period j. In this case the scheduling department identifies the point at which the bus is starting to hunt down a load associated with the heaviest daily load along the route. This method is referred to as method I and can be written more explicitly as $=? ,j=l,Z I , , 9 several times a year for possible schedule re visions (see Vuchic, 1978).It is important to note that the frequency and the cross-sectional characteristics of these data collection procedures should be determined by the sampling techniques used. This statistical aspect, which is not part of this study, can be approached through a regeneration of literature nearly sampling and is mentioned specifically in Attanucci Ed al. (198 I). Schedule revisions range from completely new timetables for new or revised routes to daily adjustments that accommodate changes in working seconds and school shift times. The methods used by the bus operator to set headways are comm alone based on existing service standards.These standards are based on two requirements (i) adequate spaces will be provided to meet passenger demand, and (ii) the upper bound think of is placed on the headways to assure a minimum frequency of service. The first requirement is appropriate for heavily traveled route hours (e. g. peak period), and the second for lightly traveled hours. The first requirement is usually met by a astray used peak loud fucfor method (point check), which is similar to the max load procedure-both are explained below. The second requirement is met by the insurance headway which usually does not exceed 60 min and in some cases is restricted to under 30 min.Occasionally, a lower bound value is set on the headway by the bus operator, based on productivity or revenue/cost measures. There are also mathematical programming techniques to approach simultaneously the problems of route design and service frequency (see Lampkin and Saalmans, 1967 for an example). Recently such(prenominal) a technique has been adopted to find the appropriate headway so as to increase the social benefit subject to the constraints on pith subsidy, put across size, and bus occupancy levels (Furth and Wilson, 1981). This seat may be shown to be useful in policy analysis.However, these mathematical programming manakins have not been generally adopt ed by transit schedulers since they are not sensitive to a great variety of system specific operational constraints. For example, they cannot simultaneously determine even spaced headways and uneven spaced headways for situations of scheduling exceptions. 2. 2 MUX loud methodr The purpose of the basic standard used by bus schedulers is to ensure adequate space to accommodate the maximum number of on-board passengers along the entire route, for a given time period (e. g. one hour).Let the time period be denoted asj. Based on the peak load factor, the number of buses required for period j is where P, is defined as the load in period j associated with the daily max load point. Additional notations are max i Pii = f P,, and ES j-1 j-l P, = max P, LS where there are q considered time periods S represents the set of all bus stops i, and P, is a defined statistical measure (simple average or perhaps with the standard deviation consideration) of the arrive number of passengers which are on -board all the buses departing stop i during period j.Table 1 displays the ride check information which will be used throughout the paper. This is developed data collected on one route in Jerusalem-route 27(A) of Egged (The Israel National Bus Carrier). In Table 1, the first and second columns are the exceeds (in kilometers) surrounded by each two adjacent bus stops and the stop name, respectively. The set of stops S includes 34 is excluding the last stop. The first two rows represent the time interval, j = 1,2,. . . , 14, where each period of one hour is associated with a given column. In the third row are the number of buses scheduled in each period.The fourth row Bus frequency determination apply passenger 1. Initial data count A data 441 Table for bus No. 27 direction 12 59 1. 75 75 20 . 5 75 76 5. 9. 93 99 (25 ,511 102 16. to2 (81) (02 (98 08 206 108 19. ,,, 126 (80 (84 192 (92 132 14, (95 195 (55 196 162 19. (93 18. (93 132 159 I. 1 (47 138 (35 (28 I,7 ,,a t,. (3. (1 I32 10. 9 ,,a 108 96 78 78 78 78 53 33 19 20 (2 ____ ____ 158 20. 208 215 220 252 268 259 28. 280 280 250 28. 295 295 29. 299 252 2. 9 235 236 228 22. 212 2,6 (80 l-72 (5. 452 ,. O tar (0. 72 40 ____ one hundred eighty 223 225 239 2. 5 2. 5 2. 5 250 2. 8 2. 3 2. 2. 5 2. 5 235 240 2. 0 239 203 198 195 200 (98 190 (78 159 (53 I38 135 115 105 93 95 90 68 ____ 175 235 220 220 220 220 230 255 2. 0 295 3,s 320 320 320 3m 300 290 290 320 250 290 3t0 310 285 255 210 (90 195 (75 (55 (00 (35 90 20 ____ 239 266 255 270 266 263 259 253 29. 265 270 273 253 259 2. 9 239 228 23, 2,7 (93 $75 ,. , 151 1. 7 t. 0 ,,a 95 8. 60 49 . 9 . 9 32 ,I ____ 280 351 375 379 375 378 37, 36, 36. 399 37, 37, 35. 37, 357 3. 7 335 239 2. 5 210 196 199 192 165 133 102 77 ii 50 10 i 42 10 __ 320 411 395 392 397 3,. 395 398 390 387 390 40, 398 403 403 39. 55 339 3. 7 29. 299 270 25. 256 2. 8 209 192 179 136 120 109 (28 (0, 37 ____ 275 4. 1 450 462 . 95 . ,7 455 465 477 495 . BO 47, 455 474 4,. .,, . 50 . 26 120 350 3. 5 33 6 339 336 303 25. 2. 9 225 (92 183 (68 80 255 26, 25. 273 257 273 285 297 29, 306 32. 3,s 3,2 315 303 29. 2. 9 2. 0 23. 229 20, ,,. ,53 (38 II iii 51 ____ (05 235 295 308 315 3,9 325 329 325 3,s 31. 9 320 320 32. 9 325 335 338 3,9 2. 3 2. 3 239 220 213 200 170 (65 155 153 155 (43 130 129 (15 70 30 . ___ 90 (08 ,. I 14, 150 I. 7 I. 4 I. 7 f50 (50 1. 4 1. 7 153 159 (59 $55 1. 7 ,,, I,, 4 17 123 (1.Il. iO5 93 57 39 36 30 2, 2. I. 9 6 0 ____ 225 2. 9 2. 5 2. 5 2. 0 23. 23, 228 228 219 219 216 215 20. 198 (85 (7, 1,. 3,. ii9 96 90 8, 69 5, ,A ii ii 15 12 ,a 9 i 3 -___ 37 . 2 42 47 50 5, 5, 52 5, 52 50 50 5. 5. 52 . 9 . , 40. 35 32 28 2, 23 1, 15 12 9 8 4 2 2 2 I , ____ 2. 85 3159 3232 33,3 3399 3. 20 3. 85 3557 3597 3575 3696 3732 37,5 3,,9 359. 3610 350. 3092 3096 2950 2793 25,. 25. 3 2356 2170 ,725 ,673 1596 ,376 12,. (07. (02. 7. 3 356 represents the policy headway which is equal to 60 min, and the fifth row is the desired occupancy, 4.As can be seen, 4 = 65 has been assigned to p eak hours and 4 = 47 (the be number of seats) assigned to off-peak hours. The last column in the table represents ? Pv where each entry in the table is Pu j=l (an average value across several checks). Thus, the daily max load point is the 12th stop with a total of 3732 passengers and P, in eqn (2) refers only to those entries in the 12th row. The second point check method is based on the max load observed in each time period. That is, This method is called Met/&Z. Table 2 lists the value of P. , and the values of Pi for allj based on the input data given in Table 1.The proportion between methods 1 and 2 and between the point check and ride check methods using more data sets is performed in a following section. 2. 3 Load profile methodr The data collected by ride check enables the scheduler to observe the load variability among the bus stops. Usually the distribution ,of loads will suggest possible improvements in route design. The most common operational strategy go forthing fro m observ- ing the various loads is short turning (shortlining). A turnback point before the end of the route may be chosen, creating a new route overlapped by the existing route.Other route design related actions using the load data are route splitting and route shortening. For the route design considerations, bus operators frequently use the histogram of the average load plotted with respect to each bus stop without relating the loads to the distance between the stops. The only concern of these operators is to identify a sharp increase or decrease in the average load for possible route design changes. This has been observed at SCRTD (Los Angeles), CTA (Chicago)while using the EZDATA program provided by the company ATE, Egged (Israel), and other bus properties world-wide.A more appropriate way to plot the loads is to establish a passenger load profile. In this technique, the loads are plotted with respect to the distance traveled from the departure stop to the end of the route. It i s also possible to replace the distance by the average running time, but in this case it is desirable for the running time to be characterized by low and persistent variations. Two examples of the load profile are given in Figs. 1 and 2, exhibiting the data of two time periods appearing in Table 1. Each asterisk in the figures represents cardinal passengers.The celestial orbit under the load profile curve is simply passenger-miles, or in this example, passenger-kilometers, both of which are AVISHAI CEDER Table 2. Output indication of variables used in methods 1 and 2 320 1259 1359 1459 ,559 284 389 . ,1 0 0. 0 0. 6 . * 50 100 150 2po .. *. **.. **.. * . . .. . .. 2. 1 2. 9 3. 2 3. 5 3. 9 4. t 4. 7 5. 3 5. 5 5. 9 9. 5 5. 7 7. 3 7. 7 9. I 8. 5 9. 1 9. 5 10. 0 10. 4 IO. 6 10. 9 ,,. I 11.. 11. 5 12. 1 2. 5 13. 2 13. 9 I.. 1 14. 8 15. 0 .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . Fig. 1. A load profile for one morning time period (800-8 59) based on the data in Table 1. Bus fr equency determination using passenger count data 443 NIJMSER PISSENGERS OF FOR INTERVAL vitamin D TO 1559 DlSTlNcE (KY. 1 50 NUMBEP PAssENGERI OF 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 I 100 150 L.. 1 1.. L L *.. .. *.. * ** *.. *.. .. . *.. * * *.. . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. Fig. 2. A load profile for one afternoon time period (15emailprotected59) based on the data in Table 1. measures of productivity.If a straight make is force across the load profile at the point where the number of passengers is equal to the observed average hourly max load, thus the area below this line but above the load profile is a measure of the non-productive service. When method 2 is used to derive the headways, and dj is equal to the number of seats then this measure is the empty seat-miles (or empty seatkilometers). Figure 1 is characterized by a relatively large value of empty seat-kilometers per bus in comparison to Fig. 2. However, the additional information supplied by the load profile enables one to overcome such an undesirable characteristic.This can be done by introducing frequency determination methods which are based on passenger-miles rather than on a max load measure. The first load profile method considers a lower bound level on the frequency or an upper bound on the headway, given that the bus capacity constraint is held. Method 3 is q? = max One way to look at method 3 is that the ratio A,/L of the load P, (regardless of its statistical definition) as opposed to the max load (P,) in method 2. Method 3 guarantees, on the average basis of P,, that the on-board passengers at the max load section will not experience crowding above the given bus capacity c.This method is appropriate for frequent cases in which the schedulers wish to know the number of bus runs they can expect to reduce by relaxing the desired occupancy standard, avoiding overcrowding at the same time. This allows them to handle the following (i) demand changes wi thout increasing the available number of buses (ii) situations in which some buses are needed elsewhere (e. g. partitioning and maintenance problems, or emergencies) (iii) fewer drivers than usual (e. g. due to budget have it away, or problems with the drivers union).On the other hand, method 3 can result in unpleasant travel for an broadened distance in which the occupancy is above 4. To eliminate or to control this possible undesirable phenomenon, another method is introduced. Method 4 establishes a level of service consideration by restricting the total route distance having loads greater than the desired occupancy. Method 4 takes the explicit form is an average representative A. P. -A-,1 dj. L c 1 4. L Ai1 pj c where Ii is the distance between stop i and the future(a) stop (i + l), Aj is the area in passenger-miles (km) under the load profile during time period j, and L is the route length.The other notations are previ )usly defined in eqns (l)-(3). 4? =max St. 1 Ii I jJj. L, *I) 444 AVISHAICEDER by time of day are same to that indicated in Table 2, and for all five sets the capacity is c = 80 passengers. In method 4 based on eqn (5), three values are assigned to /I, for all js 0. 1, 0. 2 and 0. 3. That is, 10, 20 or 30% of the route length is allowed to have an observed occupancy, P, exceeding the desired one, 4. The results for route 27(A) appear in Table 3. The headway results of the four methods are compared graphically in Fig. 3 where the results of method 4 are for only the 20% limit case (8, = 0. ). Similarly to Fig. 3, the results of the remaining four data sets are displayed only in the computer generated graphical form in Figs. 4-7. . These illustrations are used for further analysis of the results. The first comparison can be made between method 1 and method 2 for the point check decision. Obviously, it is less costly and more convenient to retain an observer at one bus stop during the entire working day, than to assign the same observer o r others to a different stop at every period j. This candidate bus stop is the one characteiized by P, (see eqn (2)).The comparison between the two methods is performed by the ,$ sort between two sets of actual observations-P. , vs P, for each data set (see Ceder and Dressier, 1980). The results are as follows where I, = i (P,,/F,) d, or 4 is the set of all stops i in time period j such that the load Pq exceeds the quantity of 4 times the number of buses determined iteratively by F,, and pj is the allowable portion of the route length at period j in which Pti can exceed the product (4)()(d,). The other notations in eqn (5) are previously defined. By controlling the parameter /Ii it is possible to establish a level of service criterion.Note that for /I, = 0, /I, = 1. 0 method 4 converges to method 2 and method 3, respectively. 2. 4 Results of actual data and comparison A pL/l program has been written for all the four methods. This program, in addition to calculating the bus freque ncies, determines the associated integer headway (in minutes) by simply dividing the length (in minutes) of a considered time period j by 4. , and go it to the near integer. The headway information is essential for the timetable preparation, as is explained in the next section. The input data presented in Table I and also the data taken from four more routes have been run by the program.The additional data are four Egged routes 2(A), 2(B), 12(A), and 39(A)all from Jerusalem. Their policy headway and desired occupancy Route (Direction) 27(A) 2(A) 2(B) d. f. 13 16 18 14 16 X2 63. 24 14. 59 58. 51 492. 82 117. 82 null hypothesis about equal methods (at the 5% importation level) reject dont reject reject reject reject I&4) 39(A) Bus frequency determination using passenger count data 445 BUS zero(prenominal) 27 , DIRECTION A LEGEND o METHOD + METHOD . METHOD 1 2 3 L (BY2OP a METHOD 0. 7oO . . 9 . . oo 11-00 . . TIME 13. 00 OF DAY * 15. 00 . 100 1 . 19oo 21 00 g Fig. . semblanc e of headway results for route 27(A). Consequently, only in route 2(A) can the daily max load point replace the hourly max load point. The PL/l program provides this comparison. The graphical comparison between the headways in Figs. 3-7 shows the expected result method 2 always gives the minimum headways while method 3 results in the highest headways (except in 2 out of 82 time periods). Another characteristic of the headways, exhibited particularly in Figs. 4 and 5, is that the given policy headway (60min) is used during off-peak hours. A point worth mentioning is that the esults efficiency be sensitive to the length of the time intervalj and that different time intervals may be used for peak and off-peak hours. Further analysis and comparison of the results are addressed in the following two sections. 3. A PRELIMINARY CRITERION IN DETERMINING FURTHER DATA COLLECTION METHODS In this section an assumption is time-tested that particular load profile characteristics suggest the data collection method to be used. The basic idea is to BUS no. 2 , DIRECTION A . METHOD 3 6, 04.. . . . . . . I a. . -METHOD LCBY20%1 * . 6. 00 800 10 00 12. 00 TIME OF 14. 00 DAY 16OO 16 00 20. 00 2oo Fig. 4. Comparison of headway results for route 2(A). 446 AVISHAICEDER BUS NO. 2 , DIRECTION B . 6 _ METHOD L CBY20T. l 01 . 5oo . . 7 00 . 9 00 * 1100 . TIME . 13. 00 _ 15 00 OF DAY .. , 17 00 . 19 00 . . 21 00 23 00 Fig. 5. Comparison of headway results for route 2(B). provide the bus operator with adequate preliminary guidance in selecting the type of method based on old load profiles. The assumption to be investigated is that a relatively flat profile suggests the use of a point check procedure (method 1 or 2) whereas a ride check procedure (method 3 or 4) would be appropriate otherwise.One property of the load profile is its density, p. This is the observed measure of total passenger-miles (total ridership over the route) divide by the product of the length of the route and its maximum load (passenger-miles which would be observed if the max load existed across all the stops). Thus, the load profile density for hour j, pj, is P=e. The load profile density is used to examine the profile characteristics. High values of p indicate a relatively flat profile, whereas low values of p indicate a significant load variability among the bus stops. A BUS 60 NO. 39 , DIRECTION A LEGEND % $ s 2 L2. 36. METHOD (BY ZCr%l = 30. p I 9 i P 12. 6. 24. 18. 0. 1 6 00 . a 00 . 10 00 . 12. 00 TIME OF woo DAY 16 00 18. 00 20 00 2200 Fig. 6. Comparison of headway results for route 12(A). Bus frequency determination using passenger count data 447 BUS NO. 12 , DIRECTION A LEGEND o _ METHOD + . METHOD METHOD 1 / 2 3 , / * I 8 METHOD L (ByZoZl 0 500 I I 1 7 . oo 9oo 11oo I . TpF nY1500 . 17oo 19oo Fig. 7. Comparison of headway results for route 39(A). 3. 1 Mathematical analysis One way to approximate the observed shapes of profile curves is by using a mathematical model.The lo gnormal model has been selected for this purpose since it provides a family of curves which can be controlled by varying the parameters p and u. The lognormal model takes the form f(x) =. & The equation satisfying (df(x)/dx) = 0, is e-oDX-*/262 x 0. the optimum (7) conditions, x,=d-= (8) This continuous model can only approximate some of the observed load profiles since it has only one peak and represents monotonically increasing and decreasing functions before and after this peak, respectively. Nonetheless, this model is useful in observing some general differences between the ride check and point check methods.In order to be able to compare the methods,f(x) is used as a normalized load (the load divided by the max load) and x is used as a normalized distance (the distance from the departure stop divided by the length of the route). At a given time interval of one hour, j, the considered max load is Pi = 650 passengers. Given that dj = 65 and that c = 100, the determined frequency and headway for both methods 1 and 2 are 4 = 10 and Hj = 6. By applying this information to methods 3 and 4, using a variety of lognormal curves, one obtains the frequencies and headways shown in Table 4.The results in this table are aranged in increasing order of density. For method 3, the capacity constraint determines the values of F and H up to an including p = 0. 64 and up to different p values (if any) for method 4. Examples of the lognormal normalized curves are shown in the computer generated Figs. 8 and 9 for two p and variety of p values. Note that the relative location of the max load point can be found by eqn (8). From Table 4 it appears that for method 3 the ride check (load profile) data results in the same rounded headway as for the point check (max load) data for p 2 a where 0. 4 a 5 0. 87. For method 4 the ride check and point check information tend to yield the same headways for p 2 ai where i = 1,2,3, for the 10, 20 and 30% cases, respectively, and 0. 34 a, I 0 . 43, 0. 50 a2 I 0. 56, and 0. 64 a, 50. 68. 3. 2 Observed densities and discussion The five data sets mentioned in the previous section were also subject to the load profile density examination. The pi values for each considered hour j, based on eqn (6), were calculated and are shown in Table 5. For example, in Fig. 0, which is part of the PL/l program output, one can visually compare the load profiles associated with the highest and the lowest p value of data collected on route 39(A). As can be seen from Table 5, none of the p values exceed 0. 8. This suggests that one cannot reach, by calculation, same headways for method 3 and method 2. Figures 3-7 reveal that the determined headways of method 3 are always greater than those of method 2 excluding the cases of policy headway. However, no clear cut conclusion can be drawn when trying to associate the p values in Table 5 with those 448 Table 4. Frequencies (F) and headways log-normalAVISHAI CEDER (H) for different load profile co nfigurations (derived from the model) using methods 3 and 4 Method 3 profi 1e density T by 10% H F 7. 60 H Method 4 20% H 9 9 9 9 9 8 7 8 -%6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 by by P F F F 30% H 9 9 9 9 9 9 0. 18 0. 25 0. 27 0. 32 0. 34 0. 43 E 048 0. 50 0. 56 0. 57 0. 59 0. 62 0. 64 0. 68 0. 75 0. 76 0. 78 0. 84 0. 87 *For Note 6. 50 6. 50 6. 50 650 6. 50 6. 50 6. 50 6. 50 6. 50 6. 50 6. 50 6. 50 6. 50 6. 77 7. 46 7. 63 7. 77 8. 41 8. 72 9 9 9 9 E% 9 z 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 -4. 8. 46 6. 50 8. 36 7. 55 9. 00 7 9 7 7 -i5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6. 50 6. 50 6. 50 6. 50 6. 50 7. 05 805 E 7. 5 x 931 8. 85 9. 04 9. 42 9. 36 9. 68 9. 87 9. 76 9. 92 6. 50 6. 50 6. 50 6. 50 6. 50 6. 50 z 945 9. 05 9. 92 9. 76 9. 81 9. 65 9. 79 9. 87 9. 86 9. 93 9. 97 9. 96 9. 97 constraint ?E 8 650 9 6. 50 9 9. 27 6 8. 16 7 8. 46 7 7. 80 7 8. 19 7 8. 72 -b 8. 76 6 9. 23 6 9. 72 6 9. 46 6 9. 82 6 Methods 1 and 2 Uhenever F-10. H=6 where d F=6. 50, H=9 the capacity = 65, c-100. is met. in Table 4 regarding the comparison between methods 4 and 2. Figures 3-7 clarify this by illustrating the results of method 4 for the 20% case. The matchings (same headways for methods 2 and 4) across all the five data sets range between p = 0. 38 (route 2(B), for the hour 2200-22 59) and p = 0. 744 (route 39(A), for the hour 1600-l659). On the other hand, the non-matching cases range between p = 0. 457 (route 2(B), for the hour 800-859) and p = 0. 777 (route 12(A), for the hour 1500-1559). Consequently, when applying method 4 to the observed load profiles, the results of the lognormal model cannot be explicitly used and an actual comparison between methods 2 and 4 should be performed. In practice, the bus operator wishes to save bus runs and eventually to be able to perform the matching between demand and supply with fewer buses.As is shown in the next section, different headway values do not necessarily save bus runs or reduce the required fleet size. However, the analysis made about the profile density measure can be used by the bus operator as a preliminary check before entering a more comprehensive analysis. The following are practical observations (i) for densities below 0. 5, p-o 66 OK 0 1 .2 .3 Fig. 8. Four approximated load profiles based on the log-normal model (a = 1. 00). Bus frequency determination using passenger count data Fig. 9. Four approximated load profiles based on the log-normal model (u = 1. 0). savings are likely to result by gathering the load profile information and using either method 3 or 4 (alternatively for such low p values, the profile can be examined for short turn strategies) (ii) for densities between 0. 5 and 0. 85, it is recommended that an actual comparison be made between the point check and ride check methods-along with further saving considerations (see next section) and (iii) for densities above 0. 85 it is likely that the majority of the required information for the headway calculation can be obtained from a point check procedure (either method 1 or 2 ). . ALTERNATIVE The TIMETABLES AND FLEET SIZE possible to initiate the task of scheduling buses and crews to the previously determined trips. Naturally, the bus operator wishes to utilize his resources more efficiently by minimizing the number of required buses and the cost of the crew. To accomplish this, the scheduler examines different timetables during the bus and crew fitting processes. This is done by shifting the departure times or by reducing the number of departures without referring usually to the initial source of passenger loads-the profile.Therefore, it is desirable to extend the analysis deriving appropriate headways, to an evaluation of timetables in conjunction with the required resources. 4. 1 Construction of timetables The number of bus runs determined by the timetable and eventually the number of buses required, is sensitive to the procedure used by the scheduler to CONSIDERATION AT THE ROUTE LEVEL products of the derived headways are the timetables for the publ ic, the bus drivers and supervisors. Once the timetables are bring to passed, it is Table 5. Load profile densities ) for five data sets I 500. 00 7oo 800 9oo looo Time Interval 659 759 859 959 1059 559 Route Z(A) v-e 0. 489 Route Z(B) Route 12(A) lloo 12oo 13oo 14oo 15oo 1600 17oo l 19oo 20oo 21oo 22oo 2300 1159 1259 1359 1459 1559 1659 1759 1859 1959 2059 2159 2259 2359 0. 668 0. 557 0. 687 0. 548 0. 687 0. 477 0. 694 0. 652 0. 699 0. 606 0. 632 0. 73j 0. 610 0. 524 0. 588 0. 543 ___ 0. 524 0702 0. 752 0. 457 0. 586 0. 592 0. 647 0. 620 0. 679 0. 764 0. 662 0. 717 0. 722 0. 618 0. 673 0. 633 0. 588 0. 538 0. 546 0. 661 0. 705 0. 625 0. 731 0. 637 0. 589 0. 680 0. 39 0. 740 0. 712 0. 777 0. 640 0. 565 0. 650 0. 509 a _-_ -se -me ___ 0. 563 0. 567 0. 715 0. 765 0. 717 0. 672 0. 636 0. 733 0. 723 0. 641 0. 712 0. 639 0. 576 0. 593 ___ _____ Route 27(A) _-_ 0. 651 0. 561 0. 589 0. 674 0. 594 0. 559 0. 619 0. 644 0. 599 0. 691 0. 744 0. 626 0. 657 0. 544 0. 686 0. 610 0. 577 _-_ Route 39(A) 0. 0 0. 3 0. 4 0. 7 1. 1 1. 3 1. 7 2. 3 ?. I 2. 7 3. 1 3. 5 3. 9 4. 4 4. 9 .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . .. 5. 6 5. 1 6. 2 6. 4 6. 7 7. 1 7. 5 7. 8 8. 2 8. 4 8. 6 9. 0 9. 1 9. 2 9. 5 9. 6 . . .. . .. . . .. .. .. .* .. ** .. .. . . . Fig. 10. Two load profiles of route 39(A) with the highest density = 0. 744) on the left and the lowest density = 0. 544) on the right. construct the departure times.Some bus operators routinely round the frequency 5 to the next highest integer and then calculate the appropriate headways for the considered time period. By doing so, they increase the number of daily departures beyond what is needed to appropriately match the demand with the supply. Such a procedure may result in nonproductive runs (many empty seat-miles). For example, in Table 3 the number of daily required departures, F 4, is 77. 01, 55. 64 and 73. 24 for methods j=l 2,3 and 4 (20% case), respectively. When the quantity F, is rounded up, one obtains respectiv ely 85, 65 and 80 daily departures for these three methods.Obviously, by rounding k to the next highest integer, the scheduler increases the level of passenger comfort but, at the same time, causes an unnecessary operational cost. However, in some cases the round up procedure may be justified if the scheduler uses the Pq quantity as an average load whereas the variance of the load is high. In this case (provided that additional runs are made by rounding up Fj), the possible overcrowding situations may be reduced as opposed to increasing the average empty seat-miles. Nonetheless, to overcome the problem of highly variable oads, one can use a statistical load measure which considers its variance as an input to a frequency method (see remarks in eqn (1)). Another characteristic of the existing timetables is the repetition of departure times, usually every hour (see Vuchic, 1978). These easy-to-memorize departure times are based on the clock headways 6, 7. 5, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 40, 45 and 60 min. Generally, headways less or equal to 5 minutes are not considered by schedulers to influence the quantify of passenger arrivals to a bus stop. The clock headway is obtained by rounding the derived headway down to the nearest of the above clock values.Consequently, and similar to the round up frequencies, the clock headways require a higher number of departures than what is actually necessary to meet the demand. In order to keep the total daily number of departures as close as possible to the sum of the obtained Fjs by the four methods, the derived headways in Table 3 and Figs. 3-7 are simply based on the round to the nearest integer procedure. Note that for a high frequency value it may turn out that rounding Fj result in fewer departures than rounding the derived headway. However, for high frequencies, the timetable is not required.Also, if 5 is rounded first it is necessary to perform a second rounding on its associated headway (since timetables are built by headways -not frequencies). This by itself may ultimately decrease the accuracy of matching the demand with the number of departures. An attempt is made in Table 6 to construct cardinal daily timetables for methods 2,4 and 3 using both the derived and the clock headways based on the information in Table 3. The only incompatability is that Bus frequency determination using passenger count data 451 Table 6. Various timetables for bus 27(A) based on methods used and considered headways Y I9 ii01 3a oa 57 15 a17 22 3a 29 59 36 914 43 24 50 34 57 44 1404 54 I1 1004 1s 15 25 26 32 37 39 4a 46 59 53 1109 15OO ia 08 27 I6 24 36 45 32 54 40 1203 4a 13 56 23 1606 33 la 43 30 si i5 1704 30 12 45 20 a00 2a 20 36 40 44 9oo 52 lO iam 20 la 30 36 40 54 50 19oa 1ooo 19 lO 30 20 41 30 52 4o 2024 50 2117 11OO 07. 5 I5 22. 5 30 37. 5 45 52. 5 12oa lO 30 40 50 13oo 06 12 la 24 30 36 42 4a 54 14oo 06 12 la 24 30 36 42 4a 54 1soo 07. 5 15 z22. 30 I5 52. 5 16Ml 12 24 36 4a 17oo 07. 5 15 22. 5 30 37. 5 45 52. 5 la 00 15 20 ll 40 19 a03 27 29 35 55 43 913 5i 23 59 33 1406 43 13 53 20 1003 27 14 34 25 41 36 4a 47 55 5a 15oz ii08 lO 17 ii 26 34 3s 44 42 I 53 5Ll lZOi G 12 16oa 21 34 34 44 47 1254 17W la 27 36 45 54 iaoa 27 46 59 19ll 23 35 47 2ozo 2115 uerved LIOC) Headway 00 1230 16 00 7 12 23 24 46 36 alo 4a 36 17w 55 07. 5 9oa I00 22. s I5 21 10 30 34 20 37. 5 22. 5 46 30 30 45 37. 1ooo 40 52. 5 15 45 50 14oa 30 52. 5 I00 06 45 10 12 la00 1lOO 15 20 18 I2 30 30 24 45 24 40 30 36 19oo 50 36 4a 1oo 42 12 24 12oa 07. 5 48 15 lS 54 36 30 40 22. 5 15oo 45 30 07. 5 2ooo 13oo 45 27. 5 15 ll 45 22. 5 2130 52. 5 30 2oo z37. 5 10 45 44 20 52. 5 20) i . I oo I lO 2o Jo 40 50 2ooo 45 2130 z24 i ( i i 55 uETmb3 He4dw4y , Clock HeadMy 14os 7oo 13so 195 20 14oo 4 14 40 07. 5 2oa 23 I5 a00 21c 32 20 22. 5 41 40 30 50 9oo 37. 5 59 12 45 1508 I4 52. ia 15oo 36 2a 4a 10 3fl 1ow 20 4a 15 30 5a 30 40 16lO 45 50 25 11OO 16OO 40 12 15 55 24 30 1108 36 45 20 48 17oo 32 . 44 12oo 12 I56 15 I2 30 36 la 16 44 45 48 1907 13oo 18OO 26 lO 20 20 40 45 30 2023 19oo 2123 40 15 I 1 the clock headway technique includes a value of 7. 5 minutes whereas the derived headways do not allow non-integers. The transition between the hourly periods for the derived headway is based on a smoothing rule that use the rounded down average headway whenever a transition from one hour to another occurs.For example, in method 2 the transition between the departures 8 59 and 9 14 is based on rounding down the average headway of 21 and 1Omin. A point worth mentioning here is that the schedulers often have the knowledge of different load patterns during one period j, e. g. more loads in the first half hour than in the second. In this case they can request splitting or changing the time period j for further data collection. Also, they can insert more departures in the heavy-load interval than in the remaining interval, while ensuring the approximate total of Fj departures.Further consideration about creating timetables appears in a report by Ceder (1983). This includes development of methods to construct timetables with even headways and timetables with even (average) loads on individual buses while the headways are unevenly spaced. 4. 2 Single-route fleet size examination Within a large-scale bus system, buses are often shifted from one route to another (interlining) and they frequently perform deadheading trips in order to operate a given timetable with the minimum required buses.It is desirable to analyze the procedures to construct timetables and scheduling buses to trips simultaneously. However, due to the complexity of this analysis, these two procedures are treated separately. Therefore, in a bus system with interlining routes, the alternative timetables can be evaluated on the basis of the total number of required departures. This can serve as an index for the number of buses required, but without inserting each alternative timetable to the scheduling procedure, it will be difficult to pr edict the effect on the fleet size.One fleet size test that can be performed is based on the assumption that interlinings and deadheading trips are not allowed and that each route operates separately. In this case, given the mean round trip time, the minimum fleet size for that route can be found similar to the formula derived by Salzbom (1972). Let T be the round trip time including the layover and turn around time and that departures occur at discrete time points t,, t2, r,, . . . , t,.Also, let N, be the number of departures between and including the two departure points t, and t, such that three conditions (i) are fulfilled t, tr, (ii) t, tr I T and (iii) t,+, t, T. Given that if t, = t, then the first tk, k = 1,2,. . . , n to agree with the first two conditions is t,. the minimum single-route fleet size, N,,,, is Nmi,=max k i k=l Nk Following Salzborn arguments, eqn (9) simply means that N,, is the largest number of buses departing in any time interval of length T. This res ult can

Reproductive Technology Essay

Many people dream of having a house, kids and possible a dog, but sometimes that not something they can achieve on their own. Infertile has become a major issue for women that want kids and is increasing for some males. We also have people from the gay and lesbian community that slangt want to adopt but he children of their own. A growing number of unwed single people want kids with having the relationship or sum stuff that comes with it. Louis Brown was the first successful test tube baby in 1978, which gave many couples hope of their own.Before this occurred many only had the option of word meaning however there is now reproductive technology to help with baby making process. My paper will discuss the pros and cons of reproductive technology. With joys of reproductive technology comes many concerns and issue that have been not deemed moral. How will the child be affected by this? Can the couple or person held both of the procedures and things that need to pass off? How much w ill this cost and is it effect?California has already passed a bill that somewhat takes a little control over the situation. The health section has to give detailed document that explains ART and all the drugs, hormones and high chances of having multiple embryos. The physician is also responsible for telling the couple or people that if they jadet follow the rules set for ART it will be consider a criminal violation. All parties involved need to get an explanation of all the risks involved in any process.There are even considering having a lifetime limit of how many eggs and women can sell and collect pecuniary values for not exceeding $5000. 00. When it comes to ART California has become proactive with situation and others states or countries should follow their leads. Some feel there should also be screening for women age, race, political affiliation, and sexuality. There are many concerns but so little research on the overall affects it poses.

Macbeth †Blind Ambition Essay

Q. The drama Macbeth explores the dangers associated with blindfolded aspiration. Discuss. William Shakespeares drama Macbeth is chiefly concerned with researching the dangers associated with unsighted aspiration. Shakespeare presents the audience with a mention faced with clear moral picks and who is led down a bearing towards devastation because of his tragic character defect. his overarching aspiration. We can canvas this in how easy Macbeth is ab initio convinced to get down down this route by the witches prognostication. Finally we see how Macbeth is driven to of all time greater extremes of inhuman treatment in rules of order to keep the place that his aspiration has allowed him to achieve. The dangers associated with unsighted aspiration are portrayed in the mode in which the offenses they pull take a awful toll on the transports of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.Macbeth is ab initio presented in the drama as a brave and baronial character but it takes merely a intimatio n in the way of kingship from the enchantresss to enflame his aspiration. Early in the drama Macbeth is praised by the male monarch for his bravery and trueness. He is a figure of esteem and is rewarded for his attempts with the Thane of Cawdor. Shakespeare gives Macbeth his first gustatory sensation of bestridency and aspiration with the prognostication of the enchantresss and this kindles a sense of wonder in him about what the hereafter whitethorn keep. He makes a spring between being a inactive figure in the face of fate to entertaining the thought that he may himself direct the workings of destiny. As Macbeth says. The Prince of Cumberland that is a measureOn which I must fall down. or else oerleap. It seems to take merely the merest jog in the way of his dark desires to do a deep alteration in his character and to entice him into entertaining some atrocious offenses in order to satisfy those aspirations. We are left with the inquiry. would Macbeth hold of all time strayed from his baronial character if he had non been given the initial push in that way by the enchantresss? The resolution seems to be that the enchantresss kick in simply allowed something that was dark and evil within Macbeths character to be pulled out into the visible radiation. If we begin to covet what others have so our aspirations can run amuck and destruct us.Having achieved his end to go the King of Scotland Macbeth is forced togo of all time more(prenominal) barbarous and cruel in order to support his illicit place. Initially we see that Macbeth has a profound battle with his scruples over the chance and so finds many good grounds for non cleansing him. It is merely the prod of Lady Macbeth over his manhood that keeps him on his breedy way. The finishing causes Macbeth a great trade of mental anguish and we see a character distraught by the injury of traveling against his indispensable character in the minutes straight after the act. Sleep no moreMacbeth does slay slee pAs the drama progresses he overcomes his remorses and supresses his scruples wholly. The deduction is that in order to keep his place he must go more and more bloodthirsty and that his character must go more and more distorted. Shakespeare is doing the observation that aspiration is like a famished fire that consumes all in its way in order to keep itself. Like autocrats throughout history we can see that. Who is all powerful should fear everything. The fright. intuition and paranoia created by supreme power illicitly gained leads to an inevitable bloodletting as the natural order is destroyed and pandemonium is unleashed. Macbeths aspiration is such a force for upset in the drama and causes non merely his ruin but that of many other characters and the whole province of Scotland.The greatest component of calamity in the drama is the spectacle of Macbeth easy losing his head as a consequence of his guilt over the offenses that he has committed in order to carry through his aspirati on. The beginning of the drama portrays Macbeth as a baronial warrior of sound head and sound organic structure. This nevertheless changes as the drama progresses to the dit where Macbeth becomes insane. This is due to the guilt of his actions. What emphasises the guilt that Macbeth feels even more is the nitty-gritty values that he has. He battles with his head trying to convert himself that it was justifiable yet his nucleus ethical motives and values tell him otherwise. It will hold blood they say. blood will hold bloodHere Macbeth reflects on his workss after Banquos shade disappears. This is the start of his conflict for his saneness. Because of his righteous nucleus values. he believes that the evil title that he has committed will finally ensue in his decease. As the drama progresses. his mental stableness degrades with each evil title he commits to the point where he has no desire to populate any longer as he realises that all there is to populate for. he has wasted off. I have livd long plenty my manner of life Is falln into the sear. the xanthous foliage And that which should attach to old age. He remarks that old age has come upon him hurriedly as his manner of life has caused this.

Life Support

The article Do the Poor Deserve Life conduct? by Steven E. Landsbury raises the issue of whether or not we should keep pot on life nutriment when they cannot afford it. Although it is a horrible situation I feel that Baylor Regional Medical Center did the correct thing by removing Tirhas Habtegiris from her ventilator. If hospitals leaved her and others with this assistant for free it would symbolise budget cuts. These cuts would affect the care which is provided for the rest of the general public.Also, it would mean that almostone elses insurance or taxes would have to cover the follow of keeping her alive. I did some research and saw that to keep someone alive on a ventilator would cost between 2000-3000 per day. Financially, it would be a bad idea to prove to save every single person, rich or poor. Seeing as how the poor obviously cant pay for themselves, it would cause a strain on night club to pay and use their own money that they would need themselves for vaccines, s urgery, medicine ect.The general public would suffer because they wouldnt receive the quality service which they have been paying for. economically speaking, no free life backup should be given to anyone that cannot contribute back to the industry that is paying for the procedure. Considering that the life support we are dealing with present is mostly ones that will prolong the death of an individual, there is little to no benefit to keeping an individual alive. In that regard, they should be denied their life support bay and left to die from their condition. Simple law of economics.If the cost is greater than the benefit, do not do it. At the same judgment of conviction it would be ideal to provide everyone with life support. This shows in my opinion that our Medicare system needs to change. How we will go about it I do not know. The expiry of Ms. Habtegiris life was tragic. Most of us wont have to make such a choice as whether to get the plug or not, that is the good news. I t was wrong for Baylor to pull the plug but it is gain ground that in the real world of limited medical resources that hospitals will be making similar decisions in the future.Life SupportThe article Do the Poor Deserve Life Support? by Steven E. Landsbury raises the issue of whether or not we should keep people on life support when they cannot afford it. Although it is a horrible situation I feel that Baylor Regional Medical Center did the correct thing by removing Tirhas Habtegiris from her ventilator. If hospitals provided her and others with this service for free it would mean budget cuts. These cuts would affect the care which is provided for the rest of the general public.Also, it would mean that someone elses insurance or taxes would have to cover the cost of keeping her alive. I did some research and saw that to keep someone alive on a ventilator would cost between 2000-3000 per day. Financially, it would be a bad idea to try to save every single person, rich or poor. Seei ng as how the poor obviously cant pay for themselves, it would cause a strain on society to pay and use their own money that they would need themselves for vaccines, surgery, medicine ect.The general public would suffer because they wouldnt receive the quality service which they have been paying for. Economically speaking, no free life support should be given to anyone that cannot contribute back to the industry that is paying for the procedure. Considering that the life support we are dealing with here is mostly ones that will prolong the death of an individual, there is little to no benefit to keeping an individual alive. In that regard, they should be denied their life support request and left to die from their condition. Simple law of economics.If the cost is greater than the benefit, do not do it. At the same time it would be ideal to provide everyone with life support. This shows in my opinion that our Medicare system needs to change. How we will go about it I do not know. The end of Ms. Habtegiris life was tragic. Most of us wont have to make such a choice as whether to pull the plug or not, that is the good news. It was wrong for Baylor to pull the plug but it is clear that in the real world of limited medical resources that hospitals will be making similar decisions in the future.

The Giant Panda Conservation Project

Although coon bears atomic number 18 mettlesomely regarded and save a relatively low number of natural predators, they argon an endangered species. world pay severely threatened the bear cats existence also so that now there are fewer than 1,600 of them left in the wild. This peaceful creature with a distinctive black and white coat is adored by the world and considered a national treasure in China (WWF, 2013). The bear also is of picky importance to the World Wildlife Fund. The panda has been WWFs logo since its founding in 1961. This paper will examine the effectualness of, and problems related to, the devil panda conservation efforts.The rarest member of the bear family, pandas live mainly in bamboo forests high in the mountains of western China, where they subsist just about entirely on bamboo. They must eat from 26 to 84 pounds of it every day. Chinas Yangtze Basin region, which holds the pandas primary habitat, is the geographic and economic join of this booming co untry. An increasing number of roads and railroads are being created throughout the forest, which isolates panda universe of discourses and prevents mating. Forest oddment also reduces pandas ability to access the bamboo they need to survive.The Chinese government has established more than than 50 panda reserves. However, only around 61 per cent of the countrys panda population is protected by these reserves. With the help of conservation organizations and other(a) groups, they have protected more than 45 per cent of the last rough regions, equaling over 6,000 square miles of mountain and forest terrain cognize to be inhabited by wild pandas. They have also set aside corridors of new bamboo for their protection from domesticated animal grazing, and human interference (International, 2013).Chengdu is known for being the posttown of the giant panda. Back in 1987, when it became apparent that pandas were seriously endangered in the wild, the Chinese created the Chengdu seek Bas e of Giant red panda Breeding. Starting with just six pandas from the wild, theyve successfully bred more than 100 pandas. The stimulate done at Chengdu and other breeding centers costs millions of dollars a year. Experts believe that of all species in the world, the giant panda is the one species in which the most money is being invested in to save.This has lead some conservationists to beg that too such(prenominal) is being spent to save the giant panda. I think we have to dumbfound tough choices, British wildlife expert, Chris Packham, said. I think that, ultimately, we have to be pragmatic as well as sen datental. You know, we cant allow our heart to rule our conservation head and if we channel this much into just one species, wherefore many others which could be far give way helped, many others not just species, but communities and ecosystems, could be better protected at the expense of one fluffy, cuddly bear (Snow, 2013).Packham is in the minority here, but more and mo re scientists are starting to agree with him. The Chinese government has had much success in educating the man about the future of the giant panda, by setting in place protection against poaching, and even blast control for the reserves. By educating the public, more and more pandas have been brought to the Research sum total for recovery and medical vexation due to injuries or illness. Logging has been banned in the reserves and the bamboo corridors.The roads providing access to the reserves are also being patrolled to help prevent anyone entering without express authority, for the care or study of the milieu or the pandas. However, as Packham states, Pandas are extraordinarily expensive to keep going. We spend millions and millions of pounds on pretty much this one species, and few others, when we know that the best thing we could do would be to look after the worlds biodiversity hotspots with great care. His way of thinking is that without a habitat, there is nothing to wo rk with.His suggestion is that we take all the cash we spend on pandas and buy rainforests with it. He realizes that it is the natural response to want to spend money and time on the panda because they are so cute and cuddly. They just pull at peoples heart string because of their appearance. The pandas are symbolic of what he refers to as single-species conservation i. e. , a focus on one animal. This address began in the 1970s with Save the Tiger, Save the Panda, Save the Whale, and so on, and it is now out of date.His belief is that pandas have had a valuable role in raising the profile of conservation, but perhaps had is the right word. Panda conservationists say that the panda is a signalship species. But were also conserving Chinese forests, where there are many other species. As long as this conservation works, Mr. Packham states that he is all for it. But some species are stronger than others. The panda is not a strong species of bear in his opinion. It has gone herbivoro us and eats a guinea pig of food that isnt ll that nutritious, and so is dying out little by little. It is susceptible to various diseases and, up until recently, has been almost impossible to breed in captivity. This species also has a very limited area of habitation, which is decreasing, since the Chinese population keeps finding ways to use their land. While Mr. Packhams points are valid, it seems he ignores the fact that pandas play a significant role in the bamboo forests where they roam by spreading seeds and facilitating growth of vegetation.Also, in the Yangtze Basin where pandas live, the forests are home to wildlife such as dwarf patrician sheep, multi-colored pheasants and other endangered species, including the golden monkey, and various birds that are not found anywhere else in the world (WWF, 2013), making the panda a very effective flag ship species, which is something that Packham himself stated was worth preserving. One belief is that large animals can be extreme ly effective in the cause for conservation. Smaller creatures often dont need a big habitat to live in, so in conservation terms, its better to strive to save something further up the food chain.By doing this, you are protecting a much larger area, which will also include the smaller animals. Pandas are a good example for the messages you want to put out on habitat conservation. We associate Borneo with the orangutans, the southern oceans with the blue whale, and the North with polar bears. So it is with China and the panda bears (Snow, 2013). Many revere the panda bear and their deliverance is important to the Chinese culture. People respond to their situation, which does make a difference.ReferencesBenedictus, L. (2009). Should pandas be left to face defunctness? Environment The Guardian. Latest US news, world news, sport and comment from the Guardian guardiannews.com The Guardian. Retrieved April 27, 2013, from http//www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/sep/23/panda-extinct ion-chris-packham International, C. (2013). Threats to Pandas. Conservation International. Retrieved April 28, 2013, from http//www.conservation.org/learn/biodiversity/species/profiles/pandas/pandas/overview/Pages/threats.aspx Snow, K. (2013). Are giant pandas worth saving? Rock Center with Brian Williams. Rock Center with Brian Williams.

Body of Speech

About it This speech can be delivered by any strand or host, who is member of any NGO/social organization to start a program existence organized to spread awareness regarding immenseness of personal line of credit donation in todays feel. Body of Speech Its an prize itself to honor this beautiful audience who gather here for the cause of humanity. We wish a very cordi aloney welcome to totally of you and a heartily congratulations be a part of this social steadyt. I assure you that this event will definitely results in positive directions and will help in thriftiness someones life in future.This program is being organized to spread the awareness for pitch donation & its importance in todays life. As we all know that blood is a base of every human life and there is no life without blood, this makes its value priceless. Blood donation is a great example of self-sacrifice in action. The most important thing approximately donating a blood is that it should be a willful dona tion therefore we have organized this event. Ask few question from yourself.. hold back you ever visited Hospitals? Have you ever saw any major accident case? Have you ever saw any patient suffering from a major disease in which blood is required to save his/her life. If your serve up is YES then think intimately their lives Their lives can be saved by just donating our blood. If you look at the statistics of population of a country and the number of road accidents and another(prenominal) major disease in which a patient is urgently required blood, then you will realize how important donating blood is. As the pick up and supply is already differs a lot, therefore this gap can be filled by an fighting(a) participating in Voluntary Blood Donation programs. Can you assume the extent of happiness of victims or patients family after saving his life? It is the real feeling of heart that occurs in their wishes.Many of us have myths about donating blood. Some People says it affect our health and makes us weak. Some people avoid it for their traditional and sacred thoughts. And some people even say that it against their cast and religion. So my dear friends, we would like to clear your doubts regarding all these myths that these myths and thoughts have no meaning. The color of blood is only one that is RED it has no religion, no cast. The donating of blood is totally safe and has no effect upon the health of ones, though the time gap and other pass judgment of safety and quality must be taken into effect before donating the blood.The organization collecting the blood will ensure all these factors itself before collecting the blood. We usually see many articles on the internet, and books and even there are many awareness campaigns happens in schools and colleges, just like this event we are organizing here. We all must have to give our best to contribute and make other people aware about it. At the end we would like to say that we have a team of doctors to clear all your doubts and queries regarding it. And other useful stuffs to help saving someones life. Thanks and Regards. Sachin Kumar Do well, Get well, Be well.